Table of Content

22 February 2014, Volume 44 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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Encapsulation of vitamin A with amphiphilic poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) micelles ZHUO Xiao-lu, NI Xin-jiong, XU Xiao-jin, CAO Yu-hua, CAO Guang-qun, XING Xiao-ping 2014, 44 (2):  61-65.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.014 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (2863KB) ( 377 )   Amphiphilic polymer poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) [P(MMA-co-MAA)] micelles were applied to encapsulate vitamin A with dialysis method.The loaded micelles were compared with blank micelles in respect of particle size,Zeta potential and morphology.Effect of amount of vitamin A on encapsulation degree and loading extent were investigated respectively.Storage stability of the vitamin A before and after encapsulation was investigated.Meanwhile,stimulated slow releasing action of encapsulated vitamin A was studied.Results showed that critical micelle concentration of random polymer P(MMA-co-MAA) with number-averaged mole mass of 64 886 g·mol-1 and monomer mole ratio 7∶3 in 0.1 mol·L-1 borax buffer solution (pH=9.2) is 0.050 g·L-1.Particle size of micelles of encapsulated vitamin A achieves nearly double of that of the blank micelles,and Zeta potential becomes more negative.When the amount of vitamin A added is 15% of the encapsulating material,the encapsulation degree and loading extent achieves 81.9% and 13.5% respectively.Under exposure of natural light,half life of vitamin A is only 15 d,while vitamin A encapsulated by P(MMA-co-MAA) micelles,still retains 56.3% after exposed to natural light for 60 d.It means that encapsulation of vitamin A with the P(MMA-co-MAA) can improve its storage stability effectively.The accumulative slow releasing of vitamin A by loaded micelles in the phosphate buffer solution (pH=5.0,which is similar to that of human skin) achieves 76.1% in 10 h.It shows that the vitamin A loaded micelles have good application prospect in cosmetics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Performance and applications of surfactants (Ⅱ) Reversed micelles and their applications ZHAO Qiu-jin, XU Bao-cai, ZHAO Li, ZHANG Gui-ju 2014, 44 (2):  66-69.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.015 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (845KB) ( 456 )   Structure and properties of reversed micelles were introduced and the commonly used reversed micelle systems were summarized,with progress in research work refers to applications of reversed micelles focused.The reversed micellar extraction technology as well as the application of the technology in the field of preparing nano-materials and enzymatic catalysis reaction was expounded.Some existing problems were pointed out and the development outlooks were prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Optimization of the process for synthesizing 1,1,1,3,5,5,5- heptamethyltrisiloxane by Random-Centroid Optimization Method GONG Hong-sheng, HU Wen-bin, LIAO Lie-wen, ZHANG Wei-xin, WANG Chang-tong 2014, 44 (2):  70-74.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.016 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (825KB) ( 407 )   Synthesis of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane (MDHM) was processed by adopting high hydrogen-content silicone (DH) that containing 1.4% (mass fraction) of hydrogen and hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) as starting materials and strong acidic ion exchange resin as catalyst.The synthesis process was optimized by applying Random-Centroid Optimization Method.Only 13 tests were needed for the optimization and results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows:reaction mass ratio,m(DH)∶m(MM)=1∶13.03;dosage of the catalyst,6.34%;reaction temperature and time,65.3 ℃ and 8.15 h,respectively.Average yield of the product achieves 39.56%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of aminopropyl end capped polydimethylsiloxane LUO Xiao-qiu, ZHANG Li-ping, WU Hai-long, LEI Qiu-fen 2014, 44 (2):  75-78.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.017 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (819KB) ( 404 )   With 1,3-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (aminopropyl end capping agent) and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) as starting materials,aminopropyl end capped polydimethylsiloxane was synthesized under the catalysis of tetramethylammonium hydroxide ((CH3)4NOH) silanolate.The optimum conditions were obtained as follows:reaction temperature 80-90 ℃;reaction time 5 h;dosage of silanolate catalyst 0.75% (based on total mass of D4).The relationship between the dosage of capping agent (Wf) and product viscosity (η25) as well as actual amine equivalence of the product (W′NH),and the relationship between the average molecular weight (Mw) and product viscosity were studied.Structure of the product was characterized by IR spectrum,and the result showed that the end capping agent reacted with D4 successfully. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and properties of dodecylamine sodium chloroacetate as water-based printing ink additive YANG Lu, JIANG Ping-ping, ZHANG Ping-bo, GAO Xue-wen, QIAO Qian-qian 2014, 44 (2):  79-82.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.018 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (805KB) ( 483 )   Dodecylamine sodium chloroacetate (DSC) was synthesized from dodecylamine and dichloroacetic acid as starting materials.The first step product is dodecylamine chloroacetic acid (DCA).Optimum reaction conditions for preparing DCA were determined as:mole ratio of dichloroacetic acid to dodecylamine 1∶1.5;mass fraction of the catalyst 1%;reaction time 18 h at 120 ℃.The DCA yield achieves 58.91%.Structure of the final product DSC was characterized by IR.The measurement results for surface activities of the final product showed that critical micelle concentration (cmc) of DSC achieves 3.38×10-3 mol·L-1 and lowest surface tension (γcmc) of DSC achieves 27.43 mN·m-1.The dispersing property of DSC was identified by UV-vis and ZetaPALS,and the optimum mass fraction of DSC as dispersant in water-based printing ink is 1.6%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of aeration process for ozone treatment of waste water containing high content of alkyl polyglucosides WU Ming-liang, ZHANG Tao-ge, ZHANG Wen-jun, ZHANG Xiao-wen, GUO Li-xiao, WANG Xu-dong 2014, 44 (2):  83-86.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.019 Abstract ( 210 )   PDF (850KB) ( 424 )   Aeration process for treatment of waste water containing high content of alkyl polyglucosides was investigated via study of effect of aeration diffuser disc aperture on foam performance,foam volume generated and organic matter degradation.Results showed that,following the reducing of the aeration diffuser disc aperture,bubble size of the foam and the foaming ratio gradually decreases;while the total liquid hold and half-life of the foam gradually increases.When the ozone introduced achieves 28 g,the total foam volume generated,the degradation level of COD of per gram ozone consumed and the degree of degradation of COD increases following the reducing of aeration diffuser disc aperture.Performance of combination of aeration diffuser discs with 150 and 40 μm apertures was compared with that of single 150 μm,the COD degradation of the former is 6.8 percent points higher than that of the latter,and COD degraded by one gram of ozone increases 54.5 mg.The utilization efficiency of ozone increases remarkably.Further,total foam volume generated by the combined aeration diffuser discs reduces by 2/3 as compared with that of single aeration diffuser disc with aperture of 80 μm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of a dry-cleaning agent with mandarin peel essential oil HU Sheng-fa, HUA Er 2014, 44 (2):  87-89.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.020 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (749KB) ( 565 )   A dry-cleaning agent with mandarin peel essential oil in which D-limonene is the main effective component was prepared.Effect of composition and dosage of surfactant,as well as addition of purified water and ethanol on detergency of the prepared dry-cleaning agent was investigated via orthogonal designed experiments.Results showed that the optimized ratio (mass fraction) was identified as:dosage of surfactant,2% composed of AES and AEO3 with mass ratio m(AES)∶m(AEO3)=1∶4;dosage of ethanol 5.0%;dosage of water 0.3%;and the balance is D-limonene.Detergency of the product achieves 97.6%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of composite UV-shielding material made of Zr doped zinc oxide JIANG Qi, TANG Ze-qing 2014, 44 (2):  90-93.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.021 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF (2668KB) ( 390 )   Zr doped zinc oxide composite UV-shielding material with regular crystal form was prepared by hydrothermal co-precipitation method with zinc nitrate,zirconium oxychloride and sodium hydroxide as starting materials.Effects of dosage of Zr doping material,temperature and time for hydrothermal treatment and method for Zr doping on the UV-shielding performance of the product were investigated.The optimum preparation conditions were identified as:dosage of doped Zr,3.5%;temperature and time of hydrothermal treatment,150 ℃ and 0.5 h respectively.The final product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).Results showed that the product displays good crystal form and uniform size. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Progress in research work with respect to synthesis of symmetric gemini surfactants HOU Bao-feng, WANG Ye-fei, LIU Hong-gang, WANG Gui-jie 2014, 44 (2):  94-99.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.022 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (956KB) ( 452 )   Principles for synthesis of symmetric gemini surfactants,including polar head group addition method,hydrophobic chain addition method and coupling chain addition method were briefed.Synthesis routes for various types of symmetric gemini surfactants including cationic gemini surfactants,anionic gemini surfactants,nonionic gemini surfactants,zwitterionic gemini surfactants,as well as gemini surfactants with special structures and functions and their polymers prepared in accordance with different principles were described in detail.A brief summary of the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis routes was listed and development trends and application of symmetric gemini surfactants were prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety and safety guarding measures as well as safety evaluation criteria for flavors and fragrances CHEN Juan, YIN Xue-qiong 2014, 44 (2):  100-104.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.023 Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (812KB) ( 562 )   Classification of flavors and fragrances were summarized.Autogenous safety issues of natural flavors and fragrances as well as the safety issues,safety guarding measures in the processes for their planting,plucking,gathering,preliminary processing,extraction,packaging and storing were presented.The international institutions and organizations that engaged in safety issues of flavors and fragrances and their main contributions were introduced.Meanwhile,the safety evaluation criteria currently applied in China were described.Outlooks for development of safety guarding measures in this field were prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of total ginsenoside content in ginseng-formulated toilet soap QU Zheng-yi, LIU Hong-qun, ZHAO Jing-hui, YAO Chun-lin, WANG Ying-ping 2014, 44 (2):  105-107.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.24 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (761KB) ( 350 )   Ginseng-formulated toilet soap sample was extracted by ethanol under assistance of ultrasonic action.Then the extract was purified by extraction with a series of solvents.Total ginsenoside content in the purified extract sample was determined by vanillin-perchloric acid colorimetry with detection wavelength of 540 nm.Results showed that the relationship between the absorbance and the ginsenoside content displays good linearity within range of 0.02-0.24 mg (r=0.999 5) and average recovery rate was 96.04% with a relative standard deviation of 2.29% (n=5).Determination test with samples of six kinds of ginseng-formulated toilet soap was carried out and the total ginsenoside content lies within 1.72-9.66 mg·g-1. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simultaneous determination of ions of fluoride,iodide,bromate radical and cyanide radical in cosmetics by ion chromatography LIN Li, WANG Hai-bo, LI Ren-rong 2014, 44 (2):  108-111.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.025 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (989KB) ( 333 )   A method for simultaneous determination of ions of fluoride,iodide,bromate radical and cyanide radical in cosmetics by ion chromatography was established.Conditions for pre-treatment of samples of cosmetics as well as operation of the instrument were optimized.NaOH solution was used as gradient elution agent and the anions were separated by an analysis column (IonPacAS11-HC,250 mm×4 mm).Content of the cyanide radical ion was quantified by electrochemical detector,while the fluoride ion,iodide ion and bromate radical ion were quantified by conductivity detector.The detection limits of fluoride ion,bromate radical ion,iodide ion and cyanide radical ion are 2.0,10.0,10.0 and 1.0 mg·kg-1 respectively.The spiked recoveries are in the range of 78.5% to 110.6%.The relative standard deviations are 1.9% to 6.9%.The method can meet requirements of multiple ion detection in cosmetics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of ceramides by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography MIAO Xiao-qin, JIN Shu 2014, 44 (2):  112-114.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.026 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (769KB) ( 508 )   A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of ceramides in cosmetics was established.The sample was analyzed on a SHIMADZU Shim-pack VP-C18ODS (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) with C18ODS guard column core and UV detector.Operating conditions were:mobile phase consisted of V(methanol)∶V(isopanol)=55∶45 at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1;column temperature 30 ℃;wavelength of the UV detector 205 nm;detection cell temperature 40 ℃.Results showed that as the mass concentration of ceramide is in the range of 0-5 g·L-1,the relationship between mass concentration and the corresponding peak area shows good linearity (r=0.991 4).The regression equation can be expressed as A=1 466 341ρ and the recovery achieves 96.5%-101.2%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative analysis of imidazolidinyl urea in cosmetics WANG Min, JIN Jing 2014, 44 (2):  115-117.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.02.027 Abstract ( 576 )   PDF (1102KB) ( 545 )   A method for quantitative analysis of imidazolidinyl urea in cosmetics based upon determination of amount of formaldehyde released from imidazolidinyl urea was established.Formaldehyde was released by the action of Nash's reagent on imidazolidinyl urea under a certain constant temperature.Amount of formaldehyde released at different time was measured via spectrophotometric method and can be used for the quantitative analysis of imidazolidinyl urea.Results showed that,under 60 ℃ for 1 h,release of the formaldehyde from imidazolidinyl urea can achieve a stable state and completed.1 mol of imidazolidinyl urea can release 1.116 mol of formaldehyde.The lowest limit of detection is 0.2 mg·L-1 and the spiked recoveries of the method range within 75%-98%. References | Related Articles | Metrics