在双子表面活性剂的分子结构中，间隔基是不可或缺的重要组成之一，但是目前为止关于硫酸酯间隔基双子表面活性剂的相关研究却并不多见。在本研究中，以N,N-二甲基十四烷基胺为原料合成了14-OH-14，并进一步控制磺化试剂的用量得到了不同磺化度的含硫酸酯间隔基双子表面活性剂14-xSO₄-14。相较于未磺化的14-OH-14，14-xSO₄-14的cmc降低了一个数量级（x=1.0），表现出更强的自组装能力和降低表/界面张力能力。14-xSO₄-14不仅可以将油水界面张力降至超低，而且可以在一个较大的时间窗口内维持超低界面张力水平。14-0.2SO₄-14表现出较好的发泡性和泡沫稳定性，并且对E. coli表现出较好的抗菌效果，而14-0.6SO₄-14对S. aureus具有较好的抗菌效果。

Gemini surfactants, in which the two hydrophilic headgroups are linked by a spacer nearby, have unique properties that arise from their particular molecular structure. The spacer group therein is important and indispensable in the molecular structure of gemini surfactants. A large number of studies so far have been devoted to the effects of different spacers, but sulfate-containing spacers are rarely reported. In this work, a series of sulfate-spacered gemini surfactants with different degrees of sulfonation （14-xSO₄-14） were synthesized from 14-OH-14 by sulfonation using different amount of chlorosulfonic acid. The molecular structure was characterized using ¹H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy （ESI-MS）, and the degree of sulfonation was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES）. The results showed that, compared with unsulfonated 14-OH-14, the cmc of 14-xSO₄-14 gradually decreased with increasing degree of sulfonation, and a minimum was obtained at x=1.0 （decreasing the cmc by one order of magnitude）. Furthermore, 14-xSO₄-14 exhibited greater abilities to self-assemble and to reduce surface/interfacial tension. 14-xSO₄-14 could not only reduce the oil-water interfacial tension to an ultra-low level, but also maintain it for a wide time window. Among these geminis with different degrees of sulfonation, 14-0.2SO₄-14 exhibited the best foaming ability and foam stability and the best antimicrobial effect against E. coli, while 14-0.6SO₄-14 had the best antimicrobial effect against S. aureus.

为克服微乳液成本高制约现场应用的问题，本研究提出将单相微乳液稀释构建稀释微乳液体系，并以新疆CF油田稠油为对象，探究溶剂正十四烷（n-C₁₄）与阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-10）的协同提高采收率机制。通过相图滴定确定了活性物质与溶剂质量比为8∶2的稳定单相微乳液配方，将其稀释至表面活性剂质量分数为0.25%形成稀释微乳液体系。性能表征显示，该体系胶束尺寸为纳米级且体系较为稳定。机理研究表明：1）稀释微乳液可显著降低油水界面张力，削弱毛管力以驱动残余油流动；2）静态实验表明，溶剂在表面活性剂辅助下释放至原油中，降低原油黏度并促进水包油乳液形成；3）表面活性剂可调控岩石润湿性，降低原油附着力并改善水相渗流能力，其润湿性改变机制因表面活性剂类型及岩石表面带电性而异：CTAB主要通过形成离子对不可逆解吸附砂岩表面的酸性基团，而SDS和OP-10则依赖于双分子层作用；其中CTAB的润湿改性能力最优。基于上述协同机理，稀释微乳液有效提高了稠油采收率。本研究为稀释微乳液在稠油开采中的应用提供了理论依据与技术支撑。

To solve the problem that the high cost of microemulsion has limited the field application, in this work, the single-phase microemulsion was diluted to construct a diluted microemulsion system. The heavy oil from CF oilfield in Xinjiang was taken as the object to explore the synergistic mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by using a solvent n-tetradecane （n-C₁₄） and a surfactant （cationic CTAB, anionic SDS or nonionic OP-10）.A stable single-phase microemulsion formulation with the mass ratio of active substance to solvent of 8∶2 was determined by titration, and it was diluted to a surfactant mass fraction of 0.25% to form a diluted-microemulsion system. The performance characterization showed that the micelle size of the system was nanoscale, and the system was relatively stable. The mechanism research showed that: 1） Diluted-microemulsion could significantly reduce the oil-water interfacial tension and weaken the capillary force to drive the flow of residual oil; 2） Static experiments showed that the solvent was released into crude oil with the aid of surfactant, which reduced the viscosity of crude oil and promoted the formation of oil-in-water emulsion; 3） The surfactant could regulate the wettability of rock, reduce the adhesion of crude oil and improve the permeability of water phase. The mechanism of wettability change varied depending on the type of surfactant and the charge of rock surface: CTAB was able to desorb the acidic groups of crude oil from the surface of sandstone in an irreversible way by forming ion pairs, while SDS and OP-10 relied on another action mechanism. Among them, CTAB showed the best performance in wettability modification. Based on the synergistic mechanism above, the diluted microemulsion effectively improved the heavy oil recovery. This work might provide theoretical basis and technical support for the application of diluted microemulsion in heavy oil recovery.

通过XRD、XPS、N₂O滴定以及²⁷Al MAS-NMR等多种表征技术，探讨了Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂在草酸二乙酯（DEO）加氢合成醇醚酯过程中的结构-性能关系。结果表明，当Al₂O₃的晶体构型相同时，增加比表面积可有效细化铜纳米粒子（Cu NPs）的尺寸，进而提高DEO的转化率。同时，γ-Al₂O₃（HSAl和SBAl）负载的Cu NPs尺寸较小，促进反应向深度加氢方向进行，生成乙醇（EtOH）和乙二醇（EG）。相比之下，无定形Al₂O₃（HTAl和SolAl）表面的Cu NPs尺寸较大，导致转化率降低，主要产物为乙醇酸乙酯（Egly）。尽管不同晶体结构的Al₂O₃中的Al³⁺离子配位形式存在差异，但实验数据表明Al³⁺离子配位差异并未对加氢反应的催化性能产生显著影响。醇醚酯化学品的形成关键在于Cu位点与酸性位点之间的相互作用。其中，EG和EtOH经SN2机制脱水形成2-乙氧基乙醇，Egly与EtOH则通过SN2机制形成乙氧基乙酸乙酯（EEA）。本研究为优化煤基乙二醇工艺以实现多样化产品组合提供了理论依据。

The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate （DEO） for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD, XPS, N₂O titration, and ²⁷Al MAS-NMR. The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al₂O₃ were the same, increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles （Cu NPs）, and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO. Meanwhile, the smaller size of γ-Al₂O₃（HSAl and SBAl） loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol （EtOH） and ethylene glycol （EG）. Besides, the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al₂O₃ （HTAl and SolAl） resulted in a lower conversion rate, where ethyl glycolate （Egly） is the main product. Despite there are differences in Al³⁺ ionic coordination in Al₂O₃ with different crystal structures, the experimental data showed that the differences in Al³⁺ ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction. The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites. Among them, EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism, while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate （EEA） via the SN2 mechanism. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio.

采用溶剂热法构建了S型富氮氮化碳（C₃N₅）负载金属有机框架化合物NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）[NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）/C₃N₅]异质结复合材料，通过XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、UV-vis DRS和PL等手段对复合材料的物相晶型、元素组成、微观形貌、光谱吸收和光电子-空穴重组进行了表征。评价了复合材料光热催化还原CO₂活性和稳定性，同时讨论了光热催化还原CO₂的机理。结果表明，相比单一组分材料，NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）/C₃N₅表现出显著提升光热催化还原CO₂的活性，CH₃OH和CO的产率分别为3.33和0.34 μmol/（g·h）。显著提升的光热催化还原CO₂活性得益于复合材料高达674.916 m²/g的比表面积以及高效的光电子-空穴分离效率。通过原位XPS和普通XPS谱结合能位置的变化证明了NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）和C₃N₅之间S型异质结的构建，电荷由NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）向C₃N₅转移，弯曲能带和内建电场实现了光电子-空穴的高效分离，在C₃N₅的导带和NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）的价带保留高还原和氧化活性的电子和空穴，在电子和热效应的作用下CO₂被还原为CH₃OH，同时生成了少量的CO。

Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to hydrocarbon fuel is of great significance to alleviate the energy crisis and greenhouse effect. However, the recombination of photoelectron-holes greatly limits the catalytic activity of single-component material. In order to solve this problem, a S scheme nitrogen-rich carbon nitride （C₃N₅） supported metal-organic framework NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）[NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）/C₃N₅] heterojunction composite material was constructed by solvothermal method. The crystal phase, elemental composition, microstructure, spectral absorption and photoelectron-hole recombination of the composite material were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV-vis DRS and PL. The activity and stability of the composites for photothermal catalytic reduction of CO₂ were evaluated, and the mechanism of photothermal catalytic reduction of CO₂ was discussed. The results show that NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）/C₃N₅ exhibits significantly enhanced photothermal composite material reduction of CO₂ activity compared to the single component composite material. The yields of CH₃OH and CO are 3.33 and 0.34 μmol/ （g·h）, respectively. The significantly improved photothermal composite material reduction of CO₂ activity is due to the high specific surface area of the composite material up to 674.916 m²/g and efficient photoelectron-hole separation efficiency. The construction of S scheme heterojunction between NH₂-MIL-125（Ti） and C₃N₅ is proved by the change of binding energy position of in-situ XPS and ordinary XPS spectra. The charge ias transferred from NH₂-MIL-125（Ti） to C₃N₅, and the bending energy band and built-in electric field realize the efficient separation of photoelectron-holes. The electrons and holes with high reduction and oxidation activity are retained in the conduction band of C₃N₅ and the valence band of NH₂-MIL-125（Ti）. Under the action of electron and thermal effects, CO₂ is reduced to CH₃OH and a small amount of CO is generated.

为了获得稳定的诺丽精油（Noni essential oil，NEO）水包油型（O/W型）微乳液，本研究采用水滴定法，结合拟三元相图法，考察聚氧乙烯非离子表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、Km值（表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比）、组分及比例对微乳液形成的影响，并测定NEO微乳液的粒径、构型、电导率、水溶性、稳定性及抑菌活性，确定其表征与理化性状。结果表明，当蓖麻油聚氧乙烯40为表面活性剂，丙三醇为助表面活性剂，Km为3，诺丽精油与混合表面活性剂质量比为7∶3，O/W型水相的含水量为70%时，形成的微乳稳定、透明澄清，并伴有蓝光，且平均粒径在（25.88±4.82） nm，PDI为0.177±0.030，微乳粒子分散均匀，呈球状和类球状。同时，NEO微乳具有良好的贮藏稳定性、离心稳定性和盐离子浓度稳定性，适宜在偏酸性环境下以及40 ℃及以下使用。NEO微乳液对热带假丝酵母菌的抑菌作用优于NEO。本研究表明微乳液可以实现诺丽精油的纳米包覆，为后续诺丽精油在食品、日化品相关领域中的抑菌、防腐等方面开发和应用提供良好的基础。

In order to obtain stable oil-in-water （O/W） microemulsion of Noni essential oil （NEO）, the water titration method and the pseudo ternary phase diagram method were used to investigate the effects of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants, co-surfactants, Km value （the mass ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant）, components, and proportions on the microemulsion formation. Meanwhile, the particle size, morphology, electrical conductivity, water solubility, stability, and antifungal activity of the NEO microemulsion were measured to determine their characteristics and physicochemical properties. The results show that castor oil polyethylene glycol 40 as the surfactant, propylene glycol as the co-surfactant, and Km with 3 when the mass ratio of NEO to the mixed surfactant is 7∶3, the water content of the O/W type aqueous phase is 70%, and the NEO microemulsion can be formed. The microemulsion is stable, transparent, and clear with a blue tint. The average particle size is （25.88±4.82） nm with the PDI of 0.177±0.030, and the microemulsion particles are more uniformly dispersed, spherical, and nearly spherical. At the same time, NEO microemulsion has good storage stability, centrifugal stability, and ion concentration stability, and is suitable for use at temperatures below 40 ℃ and in slightly acidic environments. The antifungal effect of NEO microemulsion on Candida tropicalis is better than that of NEO. This study shows that the microemulsion can achieve nanoparticle encapsulation of NEO, providing a good foundation for the widespread application of NEO.

研究了原油中沥青质（AS）、胶质（RE）和石油酸（PA）对乳状液界面行为的影响，重点分析了界面张力、扩张模量、相变点及乳状液粒径的变化规律。结果表明，AS的界面张力最高（25.1 mN/m），RE次之（23.7 mN/m），PA最低（4.8 mN/m），PA的快速吸附加速了界面张力的降低。AS具有最高的扩张模量（38.7 mN/m），有效增强了油水界面膜的强度，推迟了乳状液相变点的出现。PA扩张模量较低，仅为6.1 mN/m，降低了乳状液的稳定性，促使相变点含水率下降至60%。RE和AS的协同作用显著提高了乳状液黏度和稳定性，相变点含水率达70%~80%。研究结果为提高油田采收率及乳状液稳定性调控提供了理论依据。

The effects of asphaltene （AS）, resin （RE） and petroleum acid （PA） in crude oil on the interfacial behavior of emulsions were investigated. The interfacial tension, dilational modulus, phase transition points and droplet size distribution were analyzed. The results showed that, among the components studied, AS exhibited the highest interfacial tension （25.1 mN/m）, followed by RE （23.7 mN/m）, while PA exhibited the lowest interfacial tension （4.8 mN/m）. The fast adsorption kinetics of PA at the oil-water interface significantly decreased the interfacial tension, highlighting its strong surface activity. AS exhibited the highest dilational modulus （38.7 mN/m）, which strengthened the elasticity of the oil-water interfacial film and postponed the phase transition point. In contrast, PA, with a low dilational modulus of 6.1 mN/m, reduced the emulsion stability by decreasing interfacial elasticity and promoting droplet coalescence, leading to an earlier phase transition at water content of 60%. The synergism between RE and AS significantly increased the viscosity and stability of the emulsion, whose water content at the phase transition point was between 70% and 80%. This work might provide theoretical basis for improving oil recovery efficiency and modulating emulsion stability in oilfield applications.

通过溶剂热法制备了Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₅光催化剂，研究了光催化剂对煤矿瓦斯中甲烷的去除性能。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）、光致发光光谱（PL）、瞬态光电流谱（TPC）、交流阻抗谱（EIS）和顺磁共振波谱（ESR）对光催化剂的物相晶型、特征基团、光谱吸收、光电子-空穴重组、光电化学性能和活性基团等进行了表征分析。结果表明：模拟太阳光照射180 min，Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₅光催化剂对初始体积分数18%的CH₄的去除率为96.8%，循环使用5次后CH₄的去除率为95.8%，表现出良好的光催化活性和稳定性，这得益于Fe₂O₃和g-C₃N₅之间Z型异质结的构建，有效促进了光电子-空穴的分离，拓宽了光谱吸收范围，促进了电荷的转移。CH₄被h⁺攻击生成·CH₃，进一步被·O₂^-和·OH氧化从而实现降解去除，为光催化去除煤矿瓦斯中CH₄提供了理论依据。

Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₅ photocatalyst was prepared by solvothermal method, and its performance in methane removal from coal mine gas was studied. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （UV-vis DRS）, photoluminescence （PL）, transient photocurrent spectroscopy （TPC）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and electron spin resonance spectroscopy （ESR） were used to characterize the crystal structure, characteristic absorption bands, spectral absorption, photoelectron-hole recombination, photoelectrochemical properties and active groups of the photocatalyst. The results showed that, under simulated sunlight irradiation for 180 min, the Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₅ photocatalyst had removed 96.8% of CH₄ （the initial volume fraction of CH₄ was 18%）, and the removal efficiency of CH₄ could still reach 95.8% after 5 cycles, indicative of good photocatalytic activity and stability. That was due to the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction between Fe₂O₃ and g-C₃N₅, which effectively promoted the photoelectron-hole separation, broadened the spectral absorption range, and promoted charge transfer. CH₄ was attacked by h⁺ to generate ·CH₃, which was further oxidized by ·O₂^- and ·OH to achieve degradation and removal. This work could provide a theoretical basis for photocatalytic removal of CH₄ in coal mine gas.

以聚乳酸（PLA）和聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBAT）为原料，通过双螺杆挤出机和平板硫化机制备了不同组分比例的可生物降解的PLA-PBAT聚酯共混物，测试了该共混物的加工性能、力学性能、微观形貌、热性能和疏水性能，并测试了该聚酯共混物在自然光照、自然水体、林地土壤三种环境中的降解性能。结果表明：熔融共混的方式制备的PLA-PBAT聚酯共混物属于物理混合，未发生化学反应，PBAT的加入降低了共混物的熔点，降低了最大转矩和平衡转矩。PBAT的加入促进了PLA的结晶过程，熔体结晶峰值温度的逐渐上升以及结晶峰面积的显著扩大。PBAT的加入对共混物玻璃化转变温度影响较小，结晶度随着PBAT占比的增大表现出先增大后降低的趋势，疏水性能增强，PBAT-15%试样的结晶度达到了最大值40.8%，冷结晶温度为98.1 ℃。PBAT-15%试样的断裂伸长率达到了最大值308.4%。降解测试表明了PLA-PBAT共混物塑料袋在林地土壤中的降解速率最快，能够作为一种环保绿色的包装材料。

In this paper, polylactic acid （PLA） and polybutylene adipate terephthalate （PBAT） were used as raw materials to prepare biodegradable PLA-PBAT polyester blends with different proportions by twin-screw extruder and plate vulcanization mechanism. The processing properties, mechanical properties, micromorphology, thermal properties and hydrophobic properties of the blends were tested. The degradation properties of the polyester blend in natural light, natural water and forest soil were tested. The results show that the PLA-PBAT polyester blend prepared by melt blending is a physical blend without chemical reaction. The addition of PBAT reduces the melting point of the blend and the maximum torque and equilibrium torque. The addition of PBAT promotes the crystallization process of PLA, and the peak crystallization temperature of the melt gradually increases and the crystallization peak area significantly expands. The addition of PBAT has little effect on the glass transition temperature of the blend, and the crystallinity increases first and then decreases with the increase of the proportion of PBAT, and the hydrophobic property is enhanced. The crystallinity of PBAT-15% samples reaches a maximum of 40.8%, and the cold crystallization temperature is 98.1 ℃. The elongation at break of PBAT-15% samples reaches a maximum of 308.4%. Degradation test shows that the degradation rate of PLA-PBAT blend plastic bag is the fastest in forest soil, and it can be used as an environmentally friendly and green packaging material.

本研究旨在评估海藻糖脂在清洁产品中的泡沫性能与温和性，并与传统的非离子表面活性剂烷基糖苷（APG）进行对比。通过对比单一表面活性剂和表面活性剂组合的不同体系，结果表明，海藻糖脂在降低表面张力、提高泡沫性能和改善温和性方面具有明显优势。特别是在表面活性剂组合物中加入海藻糖脂后，不仅表面张力得到有效降低，泡沫性能和皮肤温和性均有显著提升。此外，海藻糖脂相比APG展现了更好的皮肤温和性和较低的细胞毒性。结合体外和人体试验数据，本研究进一步验证了海藻糖脂在清洁产品中的应用潜力，证明其作为替代传统表面活性剂的可行性，尤其在提高产品温和性的同时保证了泡沫性能。

The paper investigates the foaming and mildness properties of trehalolipids surfactant in rinse-off formulations, comparing it with the traditional nonionic surfactant alkyl-polyglycolide （APG）. Both single surfactant and their surfactant complexes are evaluated. And the results show that trehalolipids have significant advantages in reducing surface tension, improving foam performance, and enhancing mildness. For mildness evaluation, multiple methods are employed in the study, including in vitro cell toxicity, inflammatory markers, colorimetric index of mildness CIM, and in vivo method of human skin patch test. The results show that the addition of trehalolipids increases IC50 and reduces the release of inflammatory markers of the binary surfactant system. However, the incorporation of trehalolipids has some negative effects on the skin’s lipid barrier function. Skin patch test results indicate that the addition of trehalolipids improves the mildness of surfactant system, particularly in sulfate-free system. Overall, trehalolipids, as nonionic surfactants, presents great potential to replace traditional surfactants in rinse off formulations with enhanced mildness and foam performance.

以烷基二苯醚/烷基苯混合物为有机物料，采用气体三氧化硫膜式磺化工艺，制备了烷基二苯醚/烷基苯混合磺酸盐（以DL-n命名，n=3，5，7），并进行了组成分析和结构表征。测定了DL-n的静态表面张力、耐盐性、耐酸性、金属腐蚀性、净洗力，并与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）、十二烷基二苯醚双磺酸钠（MADS）进行对比。结果表明：LAS的临界胶束浓度（cmc）与cmc时的表面张力都低于DL-n系列与MADS；耐盐性、耐酸性随着混合磺酸盐中MADS含量的增多而增强；随着混合磺酸盐中MADS含量的增加，DL-n溶液对LY12-BC2硬铝、Z₃₀一级铸铁、铜片金属腐蚀性无显著影响，DL-n对45号钢、镁片的腐蚀性低于LAS；随着混合磺酸盐中MADS含量的增加，DL-n对人工油污的净洗力无显著变化，对抗氧防锈液压油与拉伸油的净洗力逐渐降低。

The static surface tension, salt resistance, acid resistance, metal corrosion, and detergency of alkyl diphenyl ether/alkyl benzene mixed sulfonates （denoted as DL-n, where n=3, 5 and 7; take n=3 as an example, it refers to the mass ratio of alkyl diphenyl ether in raw material is 30% while the mass ratio of alkyl benzene is 70%） were evaluated. The results of DL-n were compared with those of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate （LAS） and sodium dodecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate （MADS）. It was found that, among the DL-n series, LAS and MADS, LAS exhibited the lowest critical micelle concentration （cmc）, the lowest surface tension at cmc, and the worst acid resistance. The salt resistance and acid resistance of DL-n were improved as the alkyl diphenyl ether content in raw material was increased. There was no significant difference among the DL-n series in metal corrosiveness to duralumin alloy LY12-BC2, Z₃₀ grade 1 cast iron, and copper sheet, or in the detergency for artificial oil stains. The corrosiveness of DL-n to 45# steel and magnesium sheet was lower than that of LAS. The detergency of DL-n for anti-oxidation rust-preventive hydraulic oil and drawing oil decreased as the alkyl diphenyl ether content in raw material was increased. The DL-n series showed potential for use in processes with strong acidity and for industrial cleaning of 45# steel.

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）作为模板剂，通过水热法制备了CTAB改性Bi₂WO₆光催化剂，以Cr（VI）为模拟废水验证CTAB改性Bi₂WO₆的光催化性能，使用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、XPS、FTIR、PL对Bi₂WO₆光催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明：水热法制备的CTAB改性Bi₂WO₆光催化剂为四方晶系白钨矿型，添加CTAB后Bi₂WO₆纳米片相互堆积形成了“花球状”，结构堆叠和结晶度均提高。CTAB改性Bi₂WO₆光催化剂的吸附-脱附等温线为Ⅳ型等温线，有明显的H3型滞后环，随着CTAB用量的增加，Bi₂WO₆光催化剂的比表面积、孔容先增大后降低，CTAB用量2 mmol的Bi₂WO₆的比表面积和孔容均达到了最大值39.4 m²/g、0.117 cm³/g，平均孔径为28.1 nm。CTAB用量2 mmol的Bi₂WO₆光催化剂的荧光强度最低，光生电子-空穴对的复合率最低，在240 min时，其对含铬（Cr）废水的降解率为最大值96.48%，相较纯Bi₂WO₆的催化效率提高了194.52%，酸性条件下能够提高Bi₂WO₆光催化剂对含Cr废水的降解率，该催化剂在循环使用5次时，降解率依旧超过了85%，具有优异的催化降解性能和循环性能。

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） was selected as the template agent, and thus the CTAB-modified Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method. Cr（VI） was used as simulated wastewater to verify the photocatalytic performance of CTAB-modified Bi₂WO₆. The photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR and PL. The results showed that the CTAB-modified Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst prepared by hydrothermal method was of tetragonal scheelite type. After adding CTAB, the Bi₂WO₆ nanosheets accumulated to form “flower ball”, and the structure stacking and crystallinity were both improved. The adsorption-desorption isotherm of Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst modified by CTAB was an Ⅳ-type isotherm with an obvious H3-type hysteresis loop. With the increase of the amount of CTAB, the specific surface area and pore volume of Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst first increased and then decreased. The specific surface area and pore volume of 1 mmol Bi₂WO₆ added with 2 mmol CTAB reached the maximum values of 39.4 m²/g and 0.117 cm³/g, and the average pore size was 28.1 nm. The fluorescence intensity of 1 mmol Bi₂WO₆ photocatalyst added with 2 mmol CTAB was the lowest, and the photoelectron-hole pair recombination was the lowest. At 240 min, the percentage of degradation for Cr-containing wastewater was 96.48%. Compared with pure Bi₂WO₆, the catalytic efficiency was increased by 194.52%, and the degradation by the photocatalyst on Cr-containing wastewater could be improved under acidic conditions. The degradation by the photocatalyst still exceeded 85% when the catalyst was recycled for 5 times, which showed excellent catalytic degradation and recycling performance.

研究黑豆多肽（BSP）对UVB诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞活性和胶原分泌的影响。使用MTT法测试不同质量浓度的黑豆多肽对人皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞毒性。将人皮肤成纤维细胞分为正常对照组（NC）、UVB组、UVB+100，200，400，800 μg/mL BSP组。使用MTT法和EdU染色法测试细胞活力。采用ELISA法测定细胞培养上清中HA和HYP含量。RT-qPCT检测COL1A1、COL3A1、MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对水平。使用DCFH-DA探针检测ROS。按照试剂盒说明测定氧化应激指标（SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和MDA）水平。使用Western blotting检测Nrf2（细胞核）和Keap1蛋白表达。结果表明，质量浓度0，100，200，400和800 μg/mL的黑豆多肽不影响人皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞活力（F=0.597，P<0.668）。与UVB组比较，UVB+100，200，400，800 μg/mL BSP组的相对细胞活力和EdU阳性率逐渐升高，HA和HYP含量逐渐升高，COL1A1和COL3A1 mRNA相对水平升高，MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对水平降低，ROS相对荧光强度和MDA水平降低，SOD、CAT和GSH-Px水平升高，Nrf2（细胞核）蛋白相对水平升高，Keap1蛋白相对水平降低（P<0.05）。黑豆多肽可提高UVB诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞活力，促进胶原分泌，通过激活Nrf2/Keap1信号通路抑制氧化应激，黑豆多肽有望成为抗衰老化妆品或美白化妆品的添加剂。

The study aimed to investigate the effects of black soybean peptide （BSP） on the activity and collagen secretion of human skin fibroblasts induced by UVB. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of black soybean peptide （0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL） on human skin fibroblasts was tested by MTT method. Human skin fibroblasts were divided into normal control group （NC）, UVB group, and UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups. The cells in NC group and UVB group were cultured in normal medium. The cells in UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups were cultured for 24 h with 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL black soybean peptide, respectively. MTT method and EdU staining method were used to test the cell viability. The contents of HA and HYP in the culture supernatant of cells were determined by ELISA method. The relative levels of COL1A1, COL3A1, MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA were detected by RT-qPCT. DCFH-DA probe was used to detect ROS. The levels of oxidative stress indexes （SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and MDA） were measured according to the kit instructions. The expression of Nrf2 （nucleus） and Keap1 protein was detected by western blotting. The black soybean peptide at the doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL does not affect the cell viability of human skin fibroblasts （F=0.597, P<0.668）. Compared with UVB group, the relative cell viability and EdU positive rate, the content of HA and HYP, the relative levels of COL1A1 and COL3A1 mRNA, the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, and the relative levels of Nrf2 （nucleus） protein of UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups gradually increase, while the relative levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA, the relative fluorescence intensity and MDA level of ROS decreased, and the relative level of Keap1 protein decreased （P<0.05）. Black bean peptide can increase the vitality of human skin fibroblasts induced by UVB, promote collagen secretion, and inhibit oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Black bean peptide is expected to become additives in anti-aging cosmetics or whitening cosmetics.

以链霉菌SCUT-3-3940为菌株进行固态发酵，得到豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕三种粕类植物蛋白发酵后的氨基酸/肽（SAP、CAP、RAP），通过体外法与在体法系统地比较研究其生物活性和护肤功效。结果显示：三批试样稳定性好，不具有刺激性，小鼠皮肤对SAP中的氨基酸和多肽有很好的吸收效果。三种氨基酸/肽（SAP、CAP、RAP，添加量均为480 µg/mL）在全血清添加培养基中的HSF细胞生长有显著促进作用，细胞生长率分别提高了53.4%，30.1%，30.9%；同剂量添加，HSF细胞的划痕修复面积在24 h比对照组分别提高了98.4%，99.0%，54.7%；三种原料能有效减少紫外损伤造成的ROS产生，对光老化细胞有保护作用。人体试验表明，在640 µg/mL添加量下，受试者使用样品组2 h后的皮肤角质层含水量（MMV）显著高于基质空白组（P<0.05），其中SAP组的MMV值增加了21.58%；通过低敏胶带进行皮肤受损造模，受试者使用同添加量的精华乳3 h后的皮肤颜色a值和皮肤经皮水分流失量（TEWL）均明显低于基质空白组，其中SAP组受试者的a值降低了21.46%，TEWL值减少40.84%。研究表明，SAP、CAP、RAP具有多种生物活性和良好的保湿、抗光老化和皮肤屏障修复等护肤功效，为粕类副产物实现高值化利用提供新的方向和理论参考。

This study examines the bioactivity and skincare efficacy of amino acids and peptides derived from the solid-state fermentation of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and rapeseed meal by Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3-3940, referred to as SAP, CAP, and RAP, respectively. In vitro and in vivo methods were employed to comprehensively compare their effects. The results indicate that all three samples exhibit notable stability and are non-irritating, with SAP demonstrating excellent absorption of amino acids and peptides in mouse skin. At a concentration of 480 µg/mL, all three amino acid and peptide samples significantly enhance the growth of HSF cells in serum-supplemented media, increasing the growth rate by 53.4%, 30.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Furthermore, at the same concentration, the scratch wound healing of HSF cells is enhanced by 98.4%, 99.0%, and 54.7% after 24 hours compared to the control group. The samples also effectively reduce ROS production induced by UV damage, thereby providing protection against photoaging. Human trials reveal that at a concentration of 640 µg/mL, the stratum corneum moisture content （MMV） in the sample group significantly increases 2 hours post-application compared to the blank group （P<0.05）, with SAP enhancing MMV by 21.58%. Moreover, in a skin damage model induced by low-sensitivity tape, skin redness （a value） and transepidermal water loss （TEWL） in the sample group are significantly lower 3 hours post-essence application compared to the blank group, with SAP reducing redness by 21.46% and TEWL by 40.84%. These findings indicate that SAP, CAP, and RAP exhibit diverse bioactivities, including moisturizing, anti-photoaging, and skin barrier repair properties, offering new insights and theoretical frameworks for the high-value utilization of plant meal by-products.

表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用的机制研究对于促进其应用领域的发展具有重要意义。本文通过分析表面活性剂与蛋白质在体相以及界面处的复杂行为，重点探讨了其静电作用、疏水作用、界面竞争吸附机制以及调控体系参数对作用机制的显著影响。并将两者相互作用与实际应用充分衔接，阐述了表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用在医药领域、食品工业及日用化学品领域的具体应用，总结了表面活性剂-蛋白质体系中各因素发生变化时表现出的特定分子行为与其应用间的联系。旨在为新型高效表面活性剂的开发及与之相关的蛋白质功能的精准调控提供理论依据。

The research of the interaction mechanism between surfactants and proteins is of great significance for promoting the development of their applications across various fields. This review has focused on analyzing the behaviors of mixtures of surfactants and proteins both in bulk phase and at interfaces, with emphasis on the mechanisms involving electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and competitive adsorption at interfaces, as well as the significant impact of regulating system parameters on these mechanisms. Furthermore, this review has combined surfactant-protein interactions with practical applications, elaborating on their specific roles in pharmaceutical industry, food industry, and daily chemical products. The specific molecular behaviors of surfactant-protein systems with varying factors and their relationships to applications were also summarized. This review might provide theoretical basis for the development of novel, efficient surfactants and for the regulation of related protein functionalities.

随着消费者对儿童用品情感化需求的增加，包装设计已超越其基本功能，成为传递品牌情感、建立消费者情感联系的重要途径。本文首先分析了儿童日用品消费市场中儿童的心理特征及不同年龄阶段儿童的情感化需求；然后，通过案例分析，探讨了情感化元素在儿童洗浴用品包装设计的融合应用原则；其次，分析了当前市场上儿童洗浴用品包装设计中普遍存在情感表达的单一化、静态设计为主导、信息传递不足、缺乏品牌文化传递等典型的情感化缺失问题。最后，基于所存在的问题有针对性地提出了深化情感化表达、增强互动性设计、强化信息传递、深化品牌文化等包装设计优化建议，以期为儿童洗浴用品包装设计的创新提供有价值的参考。

With the increase of consumers’ emotional demand for children’s products, packaging design has gone beyond its basic function and become an important way to convey brand emotion and establish consumer emotional connection. This paper firstly analyzes the psychological characteristics of children and the emotional needs of children at different ages in the consumption market of children’s daily necessities. Then, through case analysis, the principles of the integration of emotional elements in the packaging design of children’s toiletries are discussed. Secondly, it analyzes the typical problems of lacking emotion in the packaging design of children’s bath products in the current market, such as single emotional expression, static design as the leading, insufficient information transmission, and lack of brand culture transmission. Finally, based on the existing problems, the paper puts forward some suggestions on the optimization of packaging design, such as deepening emotional expression, enhancing interactive design, strengthening information transmission and deepening brand culture. The paper aims to provide a valuable reference for the innovation of children’s toiletries packaging design.

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定化妆品中8种重金属元素（Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Bi、Ti）含量的方法。化妆品样品采用微波消解法消解，消解液为8 mL硝酸+4 mL过氧化氢。结果显示，8种重金属元素在0.02~2.0 μg/mL线性范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为0.50~2.03 μg/L，相关系数为0.999 4~0.999 8，RSD均小于5%。Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Bi和Ti的平均加样回收率分别为95.83%，99.78%，95.81%，102.98%，96.89%，99.97%和96.65%，103.99%。20种化妆品中8种重金属的含量范围分别为Hg （0.03~0.75 mg/kg）、Pb （3.14~39.56 mg/kg）、Cr （2.45~15.57 mg/kg）、Ni （0~3.07 mg/kg）、Cd （0.58~4.20 mg/kg）、As （0.13~4.91 mg/kg）、Bi （15.69~30.86 mg/kg）、Ti （4.85~40.40 mg/kg）。本研究建立的ICP-OES法测定化妆品中8种重金属元素具有良好的精密度和准确性，可应用于化妆品中多种重金属元素的检测和化妆品质量控制。

An analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES） was established for the determination of eight heavy metal elements （Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Bi, and Ti） in cosmetics. Cosmetic samples were digested by the microwave digestion method, with the digestion solution consisting of 8 mL nitric acid and 4 mL hydrogen peroxide. The results show that the eight heavy metal elements exhibit a good linear relationship in the linear range of 0.02-2.0 μg/mL. The limits of detection are in the range of 0.50-2.03 μg/L, with the correlation coefficients in the range of 0.999 4-0.999 8, and the RSD less than 5%. The average spiked recoveries of Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Bi, and Ti are 95.83%, 99.78%, 95.81%, 102.98%, 96.89%, 99.97%, 96.65%, and 103.99%, respectively. In 20 cosmetic samples, the content ranges of the eight heavy metals are as follows: Hg （0.03-0.75 mg/kg）, Pb （3.14-39.56 mg/kg）, Cr （2.45-15.57 mg/kg）, Ni （0-3.07 mg/kg）, Cd （0.58-4.20 mg/kg）, As （0.13-4.91 mg/kg）, Bi （15.69-30.86 mg/kg）, and Ti （4.85-40.40 mg/kg）. The ICP-OES method established in this study for the determination of eight heavy metals in cosmetics has good precision and accuracy, and can be applied to the detection of multiple heavy metal elements in cosmetics as well as cosmetic quality control.