为探索新型延展型表面活性剂改善低能聚四氟乙烯表面润湿性的作用机制，研究了5种具有不同氧丙烯（PO）和氧乙烯（EO）数目的延展型阴离子表面活性剂十八烷基-（聚氧乙烯）_m-（聚氧丙烯）_n-羧酸钠（C₁₈PO_mEO_nC，m=5，10，15；n=5，10，15）在PTFE-水界面的吸附特性，测定了C₁₈PO_mEO_nC水溶液的表面张力和接触角随浓度的变化规律，计算了粘附张力、PTFE-水界面张力和粘附功。研究发现在临界胶束浓度（cmc）以下，延展型表面活性剂分子同时吸附在溶液表面和PTFE-液体界面上，表面张力和粘附张力之间呈线性关系，C₁₈PO_mEO_nC在PTFE-水界面的吸附量明显低于在溶液表面的吸附量。随着浓度升高到cmc之上，C₁₈PO_mEO_nC通过疏水相互作用在PTFE表面上形成类似半胶束的聚集体，亲水基团朝向溶液，对PTFE表面高效亲水改性。

In order to explore the mechanism of improving the surface wettability of low-energy polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） by new extended surfactants, five kinds of extended anionic surfactants with different numbers of oxypropylene （PO） and oxyethylene （EO）, octadecyl-（PO） _m-（EO）_n-sodium carboxylate （C₁₈PO_mEO_nC, m=5, 10, 15, n=5, 10, 15）, were studied. The surface tension and contact angle of C₁₈PO_mEO_nC solution with different concentrations were measured, and the adhesion tension, PTFE-water interfacial tension, and adhesion work were calculated. It was found that the extended surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of the solution and the PTFE-liquid interface simultaneously when the concentration is lower than the critical micelle concentration （cmc）, and there was a linear relationship between surface tension and adhesion tension. The adsorption amount of C₁₈PO_mEO_nC at the PTFE-water interface was significantly lower than that on the surface of the solution. As the concentration increases above cmc, semi-micelle aggregates on the surface of PTFE are formed by C₁₈PO_mEO_nC molecules through hydrophobic interaction, and the hydrophilic group faces the solution to modify the surface of PTFE with high efficiency.

采用旋转滴法研究了阴离子表面活性剂重烷基苯磺酸盐（HABS）和石油磺酸盐（PS）的界面扩张流变特性。考察了振荡频率、表面活性剂浓度、油相、界面张力对界面模量的影响，比较了HABS和PS的界面膜强度和界面活性的差异。结果表明，HABS的亲水亲油平衡能力比PS强，能将癸烷-水界面张力和原油-水界面张力降低至0.01 mN/m数量级。HABS和PS分子间均以静电斥力为主，扩散-交换过程主导，界面膜黏性较大。在癸烷-水界面，分子尺寸较小的HABS扩散-交换更快，界面膜的黏性比PS高，扩张模量在高浓度时降低得更明显；原油中活性组分在原油-水界面上混合吸附，造成HABS和PS界面膜的黏弹特性相似。HABS与原油组分间存在协同效应，在将界面张力降低至0.01 mN/m数量级的同时，还能维持一定的界面膜强度，在提高原油采收率方面有较大潜力。

The interfacial dilational rheological properties of anionic surfactants heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate （HABS） and petroleum sulfonate （PS） were studied by spinning drop method. The effects of oscillation frequency, surfactant concentration, oil phase and interfacial tension on the interfacial modulus were investigated. The differences of interfacial film strength and interfacial activity between HABS and PS were compared. The results showed that the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of HABS was better than that of PS, which could reduce the interfacial tension to the magnitude order of 0.01 mN/m against decane and crude oil. Both HABS and PS molecules were dominated by electrostatic repulsion, in which the diffusion-exchange process was dominant, and the viscosity of interfacial film was high. At the decane-water interface, compared with PS, the diffusion-exchange of HABS who had smaller molecular size was faster, the viscosity of interface film was higher, and the dilational modulus decreased more significantly at high concentration. The surface-active components in crude oil adsorbed on the crude oil-water interface, resulting in similar viscoelastic properties of interfacial films of HABS and PS. There was synergistic effect between HABS and crude oil components. As a result, HABS could not only reduce the interfacial tension to the magnitude order of 0.01 mN/m, but also maintain certain interfacial film strength, which showed great potential in improving crude oil recovery.

表面活性剂的乳化相行为直接影响表面活性剂驱油时的采油效率。该文选用一种驱油用石油磺酸盐表面活性剂，研究了其在模拟油藏条件下与原油模拟油的乳化相行为，绘制了体系相图，并研究了表面活性剂浓度、温度、矿化度对油水界面性质和乳化相行为的影响。结果显示：在模拟油藏条件下，改变表面活性剂浓度和油水比，石油磺酸盐与模拟油乳化形成了W/O/W和W/O型两种乳状液，乳化性能较好。表面活性剂浓度、油水比、温度和矿化度对油/水界面性质、原油乳状液的类型、稳定性和粒径具有显著影响。油/水界面张力随温度升高而增大，界面黏弹性则随温度升高而降低；界面张力随矿化度增大先显著降低后增大。不同类型乳状液的稳定性随表面活性剂浓度和油水比增大而显著增强。提高温度使原油乳状液由W/O型逐渐转相生成W/O/W型，而提高矿化度使原油乳状液由W/O/W型逐渐转相生成W/O型。此外，提高温度与矿化度可以增加原油乳状液的稳定性，但是温度与矿化度过高又会降低其稳定性。

The phase behavior when crude oil is emulsified by surfactants can directly affect the oil recovery efficiency. Herein, a surfactant used for oil displacement, namely petroleum sulfonate, was selected. The phase behavior for the emulsions of crude oil/petroleum sulfonate under reservoir conditions was studied. The phase diagram of the system was plotted. The effects of surfactant concentration, temperature and salinity on the oil-water interface properties and emulsification behavior were investigated. The results showed that, under reservoir conditions, by changing surfactant concentration and oil-water ratio, two types of emulsions, i.e., W/O/W and W/O, were observed in the mixed system of petroleum sulfonate/simulated oil, indicative of good emulsification performance. The oil-water interface properties and the type, stability and particle size of crude oil emulsions were significantly influenced by surfactant concentration, oil-water ratio, temperature and salinity. The oil-water interfacial tension could be decreased by petroleum sulfonate. The interfacial tension between oil and water increased with increasing temperature, while the interfacial viscoelasticity decreased with the increase of temperature. The interfacial tension first decreased and then increased with the increase of salinity. The stability of emulsions of different types significantly increased with both increase of surfactant concentration and oil-water ratio. With increasing temperature, the crude oil emulsion gradually transformed from W/O emulsion to W/O/W emulsion, while increasing salinity induced the crude oil emulsion to gradually change from W/O/W emulsion to W/O emulsion. In addition, moderate increase of temperature or salinity could increase the stability of crude oil emulsions, but excessively high temperature or salinity would reduce the stability of emulsions.

以钛酸异丙酯和富氮氮化碳（C₃N₅）为原料，通过回流法制备了TiO₂/C₃N₅异质结光催化剂。采用XRD、FT-IR、TEM、UV-vis DRS和PL等手段详细表征了光催化剂的物相化学组成、微观形貌、光吸收响应和光生载流子分离重组。以亚甲基蓝（MB）作为目标污染物，评价了TiO₂/C₃N₅异质结光催化剂的活性和稳定性，基于活性基团猝灭和能带理论提出了光催化机理。结果表明，TiO₂和C₃N₅之间异质结的构建提升了可见光吸收响应能力，有效促进了光生载流子的分离。质量比为1:2的TiO₂/C₃N₅异质结光催化剂表现出优异的光催化活性，可见光照射下MB的降解率最高达到了98.60%。循环使用5次后MB的降解率仍达到了98.30%。S型机理保留了高氧化和还原活性的空穴（h⁺）和电子（e^-），通过弯曲能带和内电场的构建实现了高效的电荷分离，体系中产生了大量的超氧自由基（·O₂^-），实现了MB的高效降解。

TiO₂/C₃N₅ heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared by reflux method using isopropyl titanate and nitrogen-rich carbon nitride （C₃N₅） as raw materials. XRD, FT-IR, TEM, UV-vis DRS and PL were used to characterize the photocatalyst in phase composition, chemical composition, microstructure, light-response absorption, and the separation and recombination of photogenerated carriers. Methylene blue （MB） was used as the target pollutant to evaluate the activity and stability of the TiO₂/C₃N₅ heterojunction photocatalyst. The photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the free radical quenching and energy band theory. The results showed that the construction of heterojunction between TiO₂ and C₃N₅ enhanced the visible-light-response absorption ability and effectively promoted the separation of photogenerated carriers. The TiO₂/C₃N₅ heterojunction photocatalyst with the mass ratio of 1:2 showed excellent photocatalytic activity, and the degradation percentage of MB reached 98.60% under visible light irradiation. After 5 cycles, the degradation percentage of MB still reached 98.30%. In the S-scheme photocatalytic mechanism, the holes （h⁺） and electrons （e^-） with high oxidation activity and reduction activity, respectively, were retained, and efficient charge separation was achieved through energy-band bending and the construction of internal electric field. Therefore, a large amount of superoxide radicals （·O₂^-） were generated in the system to achieve efficient degradation of MB.

通过浸渍-高温热聚合法制备了沥青衍生活性炭负载富氮氮化碳（PAC/g-C₃N₅）复合材料。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）、光致发光光谱（PL）和电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）等技术对复合材料进行了系统的表征。研究了复合材料的光催化降解亚甲基蓝（MB）染料性能。结果表明：高比表面积PAC作为载体负载g-C₃N₅后比表面积达到了479.1 m²/g，PAC阻碍了g-C₃N₅的层状堆叠，拓展了π-π^*电子离域，有效抑制了光电子-空穴复合，促进了光生载流子的分离，提升了光催化性能。暗吸附60 min，模拟太阳光照射120 min，3% PAC/g-C₃N₅复合材料对MB染料的降解率达到97.62%，循环5次仍具有良好的光催化性能。活性基团捕获结果表明超氧自由基（·O₂^-）是光催化反应主要活性基团，通过能带结构和电位数据提出了PAC/g-C₃N₅光催化降解MB机理。

Composite materials of pitch-derived activated carbon-supported nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride （PAC/g-C₃N₅） were prepared by impregnation and high-temperature thermal polymerization. One of these composites was systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, N₂ adsorption-desorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （UV-vis DRS）, photoluminescence spectroscopy （PL） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） dye by the composite material was studied. The results showed that the specific surface area was 479.1 m²/g after loading g-C₃N₅ onto the high specific surface area PAC as the support. PAC hindered the layered stacking of g-C₃N₅, expanded the π-π^* electron delocalization, effectively inhibited the photoelectron-hole recombination, promoted the separation of photogenerated carriers, and thus improved the photocatalytic performance. After dark adsorption for 60 min and simulated sunlight irradiation for 120 min, the degradation percentage of MB dye by 3% PAC/g-C₃N₅ composite reached 97.62%. Good photocatalytic performance was still maintained after 5 cycles. The results of active species capture experiment showed that superoxide radical （·O₂^-） was the main active species in photocatalytic reaction. The mechanism in photocatalytic degradation of MB by PAC/g-C₃N₅ was proposed based on energy band structure and energy band potential.

用KOH，NaOH，MCT-09，CH₃ONa和CH₃OK在同一反应条件下催化了十二醇和1, 2-环氧丁烷的丁氧基化反应。比较了上述催化剂体系的反应速率快慢，并阐述了其反应机理和原因。碱催化十二醇产生的氧阴离子进行链引发反应，活化单体调控链增长进行催化，BO跟随空间位阻小的碳氧自由基破环，以阴离子开环聚合的形式进行。对反应速率的分析表明，浓度较大的NaOH对系统的催化速度最快，但产物分布最宽。CH₃ONa和CH₃OK因为催化剂溶解在甲醇中所以催化速度较慢，而MCT-09因为自身碱性较弱导致催化速度最慢，但产物分布最窄。通过FT-IR，GS-MS，¹H-NMR和¹³C-NMR分析确定了聚氧丁烯月桂基醚（ABO₂）的结构，并对其自组装行为、理化性能和应用性能进行了研究。结果表明，由于BO的疏水支链与水之间的疏水相互作用和氢键作用，在TEM和SEM下均可观察到200 nm左右的自组装行为。对五种产物进行测试，发现产物分布较宽的性能较好，而相对分布较窄的性能较差。

The butoxylation of dodecanol with 1, 2-epoxybutane （BO） was catalyzed by KOH, NaOH, MCT-09, CH₃ONa and CH₃OK. The reaction rates in presence of these five alkaline catalysts were compared and the reaction mechanisms and causes were described. The alkalis reacted with dodecanol to produce alkoxide anions which carried out the chain initiation reaction, and the monomers were activated to regulate the chain growth. The ring opening of BO took place at the epoxide carbon of less steric hindrance, and thus the anionic ring-opening polymerization proceeded. Analysis of reaction rate showed that, among these alkalis, NaOH with a larger molar concentration catalyzed the system the fastest, however, exhibiting the broadest distribution of products. The catalytic rates of CH₃ONa and CH₃OK were slower because the catalysts were dissolved in methanol. MCT-09 had the slowest catalytic rate due to its weak alkalinity, but its product distribution was the narrowest. The structure of polyoxybutylene lauryl ethers synthesized with different catalysts was determined by FT-IR, GC-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR, and their self-assembly behavior, physicochemical and application properties were also investigated. The results showed that the self-assemblies around 200 nm could be observed under both TEM and SEM, in which the formation of aggregates was ascribed to the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the BO chain and water. The physicochemical and application properties of those five products were tested, and it was found that the products with a broader distribution had better performance, while the products with relatively narrower distribution had worse performance. Therefore, the BO distribution was the main factor influencing the properties of products synthesized with different catalysts.

由天然来源的大分子多糖改性制备的双亲性聚合物可以将大分子自组装拓展到实际应用领域。文章以多巴胺改性透明质酸钠为研究对象，通过改变自组装环境中离子的强度和种类，对多巴胺改性透明质酸钠的组装行为和乳化性能进行研究。结果表明，多巴胺改性透明质酸钠可以在水溶液中自组装形成纳米颗粒结构并吸附在油/水界面处，起到稳定乳液的作用。基于不同的离子配位作用，钠离子和锰离子分别通过静电作用和螯合作用影响多巴胺改性透明质酸钠的组装行为和乳化性能。随着体系中钠离子的浓度的增加，聚合物颗粒的粒径减小，但乳化性能降低，制备乳液的液滴增大；而随着体系中锰离子浓度的增加，聚合物颗粒的粒径减小且乳化性能提升，制备乳液的液滴减小。

Amphiphilic polymers prepared from natural biological polysaccharides can expand macromolecular self-assembly to practical applications. In this study, the assembly behavior and emulsification property of dopamine modified sodium hyaluronate were studied by changing the strength and type of ions in the system. The results indicate that the dopamine modified sodium hyaluronate self-assembles to form nanoparticles in aqueous solution and adsorbs at the oil-water interface, which can be used to stabilize the emulsion. Dopamine modified sodium hyaluronate exhibits different assembly behaviors and emulsification properties due to the electrostatic and chelating effects of sodium and manganese ions, respectively. As the concentration of sodium ions increases in the system, the size of polymer particles decreases, the emulsification property decreases, and the size of the emulsion droplets increases. In contract, the size of polymer particles decreases with the increasing of the concentration of manganese ions, which results that the emulsification performance increases and the droplets size decreases.

全球紫外线辐射量随着臭氧层的破坏而增加，对人类健康造成了潜在危害。无机防晒剂多存在纳米毒性、活性自由基氧化及对生态系统的负面影响。由于天然木质素中存在大量苯环、酮基和酚羟基等官能团，具备能够清除活性自由基、吸收紫外线等优势，因此开发木质素基抗紫外材料具有巨大价值。受植物叶片结构的光保护机制启发，文章采用沉淀法制备了二氧化钛/凹凸棒石（TiO₂/ATP）二元复合材料，然后通过微波水热法得到了二氧化钛/凹凸棒石/脱碱木质素（TiO₂/ATP/DL）纳米复合材料，并将该材料进行抗紫外应用评价。结果表明，TiO₂以针状形态均匀分布在ATP表面，TiO₂的分散性得到提高，DL分子中丰富的酚羟基和芳香环以及羰基形成p-π偶联，使它们能够吸收大量的紫外光，同时与TiO₂/ATP产生相互作用，进一步提高紫外线吸收范围。TiO₂/ATP/DL加入到防晒乳液中，由于ATP的一维结构使乳液结构更加稳定，形成的防晒霜受破坏后恢复速度快，显示了优异的防晒应用效果。

The global ultraviolet radiation increases with the destruction of the ozone layer, causing potential harm to human health. Inorganic sunscreen usually have nanotoxicity, oxidation of active free radicals and negative effects on the ecosystem. Due to a large number of functional groups such as benzene ring, keto and phenol hydroxyl, natural lignin has the advantages of removing active free radicals and absorbing ultraviolet light, therefore the development of lignin-based anti-UV materials is of great importance. Inspired by the light protection mechanism of plant leaf structure, titanium dioxide/attapulgite （TiO₂/ATP） binary composite was prepared by precipitation method, and then TiO₂/ATP/dealkali-lignin （TiO₂/ATP/DL） nanocomposite was obtained by microwave hydrothermal method, and the composite was utilized for anti-UV application. Results show that needle-like TiO₂ is uniformly distributed on the ATP surface, thereby enhancing TiO₂ dispersion, and the abundant phenolic hydroxy in DL molecules and the aromatic rings formed p-π coupling enable them to absorb large amounts of UV light while generating interactions with TiO₂/ATP to further improve the UV absorption range. TiO₂/ATP/DL is added to the sunscreen lotion. The one-dimensional structure of ATP makes the emulsion structure more stable, and the formed sunscreen recovers quickly after damage, showing excellent sunscreen application.

用无创性评价方法测定了180名受试者下唇的水分含量、经皮水分流失率（TEWL）、唇部皮肤光滑度（SESM）、鳞屑指数（SESC）、皱纹参数（SEW）和唇部皮肤红区面积6个皮肤生理参数，并对比了6组（无添加组、海洋寡糖组、神经酰胺组、甘草次酸组、尿囊素组和混合组各30名）唇膏对唇部干燥、脱屑、皲裂的受试者皮肤生理参数的影响。实验结果显示海洋寡糖组、甘草次酸组和尿囊素组受试者在使用唇膏7天后，受试者唇部含水量分别显著增加44.40%，42.84%和58.08 （P<0.05）；神经酰胺组和尿囊素组受试者在使用唇膏7天后其唇部经皮水分散失分别显著降低21.83%和24.72% （P<0.05）；甘草次酸组和尿囊素组受试者在使用唇膏28天后其唇部皮肤光滑度值分别显著降低18.76%和14.97% （P<0.05）；海洋寡糖组、神经酰胺组和尿囊素组在使用唇膏28天后其唇部皮肤鳞屑指数分别显著降低33.77%，42.69%和38.07% （P<0.05）；海洋寡糖组、甘草次酸组和尿囊素组受试者在使用唇膏28天后其唇部皮肤皱纹参数分别显著降低23.06%，23.29%和25.98% （P<0.05）；尿囊素组受试者在使用唇膏28天后其唇部皮肤唇部红区面积分别显著降低4.27% （P<0.05）。结合四种活性成分对诱导炎症的HSF细胞透明质酸（保湿效果）和炎症因子（IL-6）分泌的影响，发现海洋寡糖和尿囊素对受试者唇部皮肤含水量有很好的提升效果，进一步改善受试者唇部脱屑、皱纹症状；神经酰胺和尿囊素能很好地修护皮肤屏障，对受试者唇部皲裂、脱屑有好的修护效果。混合组受试者在使用唇膏28天后其唇部的角质层含水量增加，皮肤屏障得到修护变得更光滑，皱纹减少，鳞屑指数和红区值均降低，可良好缓解慢性唇炎症状，为开发治疗慢性唇炎的唇部产品奠定了基础。

This study used non-invasive evaluation methods measured six skin physiological parameters of the lower lip in 180 subjects, including moisture content, transepidermal water loss （TEWL）, smoothness （SESM）, scaliness of the skin （SESC）, wrinkles （SEW）, and red area of the lip skin, and compared the effects of 6 groups of lip balms （no-additive group, marine oligosaccharides group, ceramides group, glycyrrhizinic acid group, allantoin group, and mixed group; 30 each） on the skin physiological parameters of dry, flaking, and cracked lip subjects. The results showed that the lip mositure content of the subjects in the marine oligosaccharide group, glycyrrhetinic acid group, and allantoin group increased significantly by 44.40%, 42.84% and 58.08% after 7 days of lip balm (P<0.05). The TEWL in the ceramide group and the allantoin group was significantly reduced by 21.83% and 24.72%, respectively, after 7 days of lip paste use (P<0.05). The lip skin smoothness values of subjects in the glycyrrhizic acid group and the allantoin group were significantly reduced by 18.76% and 14.97%, respectively, after 28 days of lip balm application （P<0.05）. The lip skin scaling indices of subjects in the marine oligosaccharide group, the ceramides group, and the allantoin group were significantly reduced by 33.77%, 42.69%, and 38.07%, respectively, after 28 days of lip balm application （P<0.05）. The wrinkle parameters of the lip skin of the subjects in the marine oligosaccharide, glycyrrhizinic acid and allantoin groups were significantly reduced by 23.06%, 23.29% and 25.98%, respectively, after 28 days of lip balm application （P<0.05）. And the area of the red zone of the lip skin of the subjects in the allantoin group was significantly reduced by 4.27%, after 28 days of lip balm application （P<0.05）. Combining the effects of the four active ingredients on the secretion of hyaluronic acid （moisturizing effect） and inflammatory factor （IL-6） in HSF cells, it suggests that marine oligosaccharides and allantoin have a perfect impact on enhancing the water content of the skin on the lips of the subjects, and further improve the symptoms of flaking and wrinkles on the lips of the subjects. The ceramide and allantoin can repair the skin barrier well and have a good effect on the chapped and flaky lips of the subjects. After 28 days of using lip balm, the water content of lips in the mixed group increased, the skin barrier was repaired and became smoother, and the wrinkles, scale index, and red zone value were reduced, which could well relieve chronic lip inflammation and lay a foundation for developing lip products for the treatment of chronic cheilitis.

以月桂酰谷氨酸钠（SLG）作为研究对象，采用动态泡沫分析仪对SLG及复配体系的泡沫性能进行研究，分析了复配体系的发泡性能和泡沫稳定性。结果表明，椰油酰甘氨酸钾（PCG）对SLG的泡沫性能有很好的提高作用，表现出良好的协同性。当m（PCG）:m（SLG）=2:8 时最优，其中每平方毫米初始气泡个数（BC_initial）为56.3 mm^-2，约是单一SLG的1.2倍，说明发泡性能明显提高。气泡个数半衰期（t_{BC 1/2}）为434.1 s，约是单一SLG的3.4倍，说明泡沫稳定性显著提升。此外，研究发现复配体系表现出更优异的表面特性，其混合临界胶束浓度（cmc）为0.022 7%，显著低于单一SLG，呈一个数量级减小，表面极限吸附量（Γ_max）明显高于单一SLG。

The foam properties of sodium lauroyl glutamate （SLG） and its compounded systems were investigated. The foaming ability and foam stability were measured by using a dynamic foam analyzer. The results showed that potassium cocoyl glycinate （PCG） could significantly enhance the foam properties of SLG due to its synergistic effect with SLG. At the optimum PCG/SLG mass ratio of 2:8, the initial bubble count per square millimeter （BC_initial） was 56.3 mm^-2, which was approximately 1.2 times that of single SLG, and the half-life of bubble count （t_{BC 1/2}） was 434.1 s, which was approximately 3.4 times of single SLG. Furthermore, this compounded system also exhibited excellent surface activity. The critical micelle concentration （cmc） of this surfactant mixture was 0.022 7% and the maximum surface excess （Γ_max） was relatively high. This work could provide important insights into the application of SLG in detergent products.

毒理学关注阈值（TTC）是一种风险评估方法，用于确定化学物质的安全暴露阈值，当化学物质的暴露量小于该阈值时，认为其风险可忽略或可接受。2024年5月，中国食品药品检定研究院发布了《毒理学关注阈值（TTC）方法应用技术指南》，该指南首次明确规范了TTC方法用于化妆品安全评估的流程，详细介绍了具体步骤和使用要求。文章对指南的发布背景与意义、TTC方法在化妆品安全评估中的使用原则、TTC方法使用时的注意事项、使用TTC方法对植物提取物原料进行安全评估时的限制条件等进行解读，以期加强指南的指导作用，为更多的从业人员了解、掌握并应用该指南提供参考。

The threshold of toxicological concern （TTC） is a risk assessment methodology used to determine the safe exposure threshold for chemical substances. When the exposed quantity of a chemical substance is below this threshold, the risk is considered negligible or acceptable. The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control released the technical guidelines for the application of TTC method in May 2024, which for the first time explicitly standardizes the process of using the TTC method for cosmetic safety assessment, and details the specific steps and usage requirements. This paper interprets the background and significance of the release of the guide, the principles of its application in cosmetic safety assessment, the precautions when using the TTC method, and the restrictions when using the TTC method for safety assessment of plant extract raw materials. It aims to enhance the guiding role of the guideline and to provide a reference for more practitioners to understand, master, and apply the guideline.

中草药植物含有丰富的护肤活性化合物，近些年在化妆品中的应用日益广泛，受到消费者青睐。然而，野生中药材植物的过度采挖导致资源急剧减少，无法满足工业化产品的需求。人工种植中草药植物虽然可以缓解资源与供求关系矛盾，但人工种植中草植物过程中存在农残、重金属等污染，中药材植物中的活性化合物含量还受到气候和种植管理水平的影响。文章综述了另外一种解决中药材植物资源与供求关系矛盾的技术——植物细胞工程技术，该技术能在稳定的人工环境中实现中草药植物的细胞、组织和器官规模化工业生产，该技术是人工种植方式的有益补充。此外，还总结了植物细胞工程技术生产的原料在国内外化妆品中的应用现状，并对其作为化妆品原料在规模化生产和运用中存在的问题进行了讨论和展望。

Chinese herbal plants contain rich active compounds in skin care, which have been widely used in cosmetics in recent years and are favored by consumers. However, the excessive mining of wild Chinese medicinal plants has led to a sharp reduction in resources, which cannot meet the demand for industrial products. Although artificial planting of Chinese herbal plants can alleviate the contradiction between resources and supply and demand, there are pollution such as agricultural residues and heavy metals in the process of artificial planting of Chinese herbal plants, and the content of active compounds in Chinese herbal plants is also affected by climate and planting management level. This paper reviews another technology to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of Chinese medicinal plant resources, plant cell engineering technology, which can realize the large-scale industrial production of Chinese medicinal plant cells, tissues and organs in a stable artificial environment, and this technology is a beneficial supplement to artificial cultivation. In addition, the application status of raw materials produced by plant cell engineering technology in cosmetics at home and abroad is summarized, and the problems existing in the large-scale production and application of raw materials in cosmetics are discussed and prospected.

胶原蛋白是一种纤维状蛋白，是生物体内重要的组成部分，由于其良好的生物学性能已成为美容、护肤品中最具前景的功能原料之一。冷水鱼胶原蛋白具有优异的保湿性、抗衰老活性及生物相容性和安全性，在美容、护肤品中的应用越来越广泛。文章详细阐述了从冷水性鱼类提取胶原蛋白的方法，对比了其在结构、组成和性质上与其他鱼类胶原蛋白的差异性，并介绍了现阶段冷水鱼胶原蛋白在美容、护肤品中的应用状况，旨在对冷水性鱼类胶原蛋白的研究以及美容、护肤品原料的开发提供理论依据。

Collagen is a fibrous protein and an important part of the organism. Due to its good biological properties in beauty, it has become one of the most promising functional raw materials in skin care products. Cold-water fish collagen has excellent moisturising properties, anti-aging activity, biocompatibility and safety, leading to its increasingly widespread application in beauty and skin care products. The article provides a detailed overview of the methods used to extract collagen from cold-water fish and summarizes the differences between collagen from cold-water fish and warm-water fish in terms of collagen structure, amino acid composition, thermal stability and other physicochemical properties. Cold-water fish collagen has a lower content of proline and hydroxyproline, but the serine content is significantly higher than that of the warm-water fish. Among the aquatic collagen, the thermal stability of cold-water fish collagen is poor. In addition, the article describes the factors that cause skin aging and the effects of skin aging, summarizes the mechanisms by which collagen and its derivatives delay and improve skin aging, and introduces the forms of application and product types of cold-water fish collagen in beauty and skin care products. By summarizing and analyzing the extraction methods, properties and applications of cold-water fish collagen, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for the study of collagen from cold-water fish sources and the development of raw materials for beauty and skin care products.

建立了测定化妆品中绿脓菌素和藤黄绿菌素的UPLC-MS/MS分析方法。样品经饱和氯化钠溶液分散后，乙腈超声提取，取上层提取液净化分析。采用Phenomenex Kinetex （2.6 µm，50 mm×3.0 mm）柱分离，以0.1%甲酸水-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱，外标法定量。结果表明，两种化合物可在5 min内实现有效分离，在1~100 µg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，相关系数均大于0.993。绿脓菌素和藤黄绿菌素检出限为0.05 mg/kg，定量限为0.10 mg/kg。在0.10，0.25，0.50 mg/kg加标水平下，水剂、膏霜两种典型空白样品的平均回收率为85.58%~102.96%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.54%~3.77%，日内（RSD）为0.51%~3.68%，日间（RSD）为1.95%~4.24%。该方法精密度好，准确度高，适用于各种化妆品中绿脓菌素和藤黄绿菌素的测定。

A UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of pyocyanin and pyoluteorin in cosmetics was established. The samples were dispersed by saturated sodium chloride solution in vortex, then acetonitrile was added for ultrasonic extraction, and the upper organic phase was taken for purification analysis. Phenomenex Kinetex （2.6 µm, 50 mm×3.0 mm） column was used for separation. Gradient elution was performed with formic acid water-methanol as mobile phase. External standard method was used for quantification. The results showed that the two compounds could be effectively separated within 5 min, and showed a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 1-100 µg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.993. The limits of detection were 0.05 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.10 mg/kg. At 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg，the average recoveries of water agent and cream samples ranged from 85.58% to 102.96% and the relative standard deviations （RSD） were 1.54% to 3.77%. The intra-day RSD ranged from 0.51% to 3.68%，and the inter-day RSD ranged from 1.95% to 4.24%. The method has good precision and high accuracy, which is suitable for the determination of pyoluteorin and pyocyanin in various cosmetics.

建立了一种高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（HPLC-DAD）同时测定化妆品中2, 4, 6-三硝基苯酚、2, 4, 6-三氯苯酚、芝麻酚、地乐酚、间苯三酚等5种禁用酚类的方法。样品经甲醇超声提取，高速离心，Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ （250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）分离，以乙腈与0.1% （V/V）磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，外标法定量。实验结果表明，2, 4, 6-三硝基苯酚在0.125~5.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好，相关系数（r）>0.999 9，其余4种禁用酚类在0.25~10.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好，相关系数（r）>0.999 8。5种酚类的检出限（LOD）为4~8 mg/kg，定量限（LOQ）为10~20 mg/kg。在低、中、高3个加标水平下，水基类、乳液类、膏霜类、粉类化妆品中5种禁用酚类回收率范围在91.3%~104%，相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.4%~5.1%。本方法具有简便快捷、准确、灵敏等特点，为化妆品中禁用酚类的准确定量提供技术支撑。

A high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）-diode array detector （DAD） method was established for the simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of prohibited phenols in cosmetics, including 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol, sesamol, dinoseb, and phloroglucinol. The sample was extracted with methanol in ultrasonic assisted extraction coupled with high speed centrifugation. The separation was performed on Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ column （250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） using gradient elution with acetonitrile/0.1% （V/V） phosphoric acid solution as the mobile phase, and the content was quantified by external standard method. The results show that 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol has a good linear relationship in the range of 0.125-5.0 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient higher than 0.999 9, and the other 4 prohibited phenols have good linear relationships in the range of 0.25-10.0 μg/mL with the correlation coefficients all higher than 0.999 8. The limits of detection （LOD） and quantitation （LOQ） of the five phenols are 4-8 mg/kg and 10-20 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of 5 kinds of prohibited phenols are ranged from 91.3% to 104%, with the relative standard deviations （RSDs） of 0.4% to 5.1% in water-based, emulsion, cream and powder cosmetics under the three levels of low, medium and high, respectively. The simple-pretreatment, rapid, accurate, high sensitivity method can be used for providing technical support for the accurate quantification of prohibited phenols in cosmetics.

考察高效液相色谱法和离子色谱法两种方法检测化妆品原料乙酰基六肽-8中醋酸和三氟乙酸结果的一致性。对高效液相色谱法和离子色谱法测定醋酸和三氟乙酸的方法进行改进和优化，对专属性、线性范围、检出限、定量下限、回收率、精密度、重复性和稳定性等方法学指标作比对，并对15批次乙酰基六肽-8原料中醋酸和三氟乙酸的测定结果进行统计学分析。结果表明，两种方法均有良好的专属性，离子色谱法的线性范围较高效液相色谱法更宽，且检出限和定量下限比高效液相色谱法更低，但是高效液相色谱法的精密度更好。两种方法均能较好地对乙酰基六肽-8中醋酸和三氟乙酸进行定性和定量分析，经配对t检验处理，两种方法对酰基六肽-8中醋酸的测定结果无统计学差异（|t|=0.200，P>0.05）。两种方法各有优势，可根据实际情况选择适合的测定方法。

The study aims to investigate the consistency of analysis results of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in cosmetic raw material acetyl hexapeptide-8 by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and ion chromatography （IC）. The methods of determination of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid by HPLC and IC were improved and optimized. The specificity, linear range, detection limit, quantitation limit, recovery, precision, repeatability and stability were compared. The results of 15 batches acid and trifluoroacetic acid in acetyl hexapeptide-8 raw materials were analyzed statistically. The results show that both two methods have good specificity, and the linear range of IC method is wider than that of HPLC method, with lower detection and quantification limits. However, the precision of HPLC method is better. Both two methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in acetyl hexapeptide-8. There is no statistical difference between the testing results of HPLC and IC to determine acetic acid in acetyl hexapeptide-8 （|t|=0.200, P>0.05）. Because two methods have their own advantages, the appropriate analysis method can be selected according to the actual situation.