季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的制备及对织物抗菌及整理性能的影响研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过一步亲核取代反应成功合成了一种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂（C16-GPBCH），产率达89%，采用核磁共振氢谱与傅里叶变换红外光谱对产物分子结构进行了表征，确认其高纯度与预期结构一致。在此基础上，采用浸渍法将C16-GPBCH应用于棉针织物功能整理，考察了整理液质量浓度、水浴温度及pH值等参数对织物抗静电性能与抗菌性能的调控规律。研究结果表明：当整理液质量浓度为30 g/L、水浴温度为70 ℃、pH=8时，整理后织物表现出最优的综合性能：其静电半衰期显著缩短至12.8 s，峰值电压降至912 V，与未整理织物相比，半衰期和峰值电压分别大幅下降79.5%与40.1%；同时对大肠杆菌（E. coli）和金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）的抑菌率分别达到99.95%和99.99%，并呈现明显抑菌圈，显示出优异的接触杀菌与扩散杀菌双重机制，该研究为构建高效和多功能整合的棉织物整理工艺提供了重要的实验依据和理论支持。

关键词: 季铵盐, 表面活性剂, 棉针织物, 抗菌, 整理性能

Abstract:

A cationic surfactant, i.e., a quaternary ammonium salt namely C16-GPBCH, was synthesized through a one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction, with the yield of 89%. The molecular structure of the product was characterized by ¹H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming its high purity and consistency with the expected structure. Then, C16-GPBCH was applied to the functional finishing of cotton knitted fabrics by impregnation method. The influences of those process parameters such as the mass concentration of the finishing solution, water bath temperature, and the pH upon the antistatic and antibacterial properties of fabrics were investigated. The results showed that, when the mass concentration of the finishing solution was 30 g/L, the water bath temperature was 70 ℃, and the pH was 8, the finished fabric exhibited the best comprehensive performance: The static half-life was significantly shortened to 12.8 s, and the peak voltage was reduced to 912 V. Compared with the untreated fabric, the half-life and peak voltage were decreased by 79.5% and 40.1%, respectively. In addition, the antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli （E. coli） and Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus） reached 99.95% and 99.99%, respectively, indicative of obvious inhibition zones, which demonstrated excellent dual antibacterial mechanisms of contact killing and diffusion killing. This work might provide important experimental basis and theoretical support for constructing an efficient and multifunctional finishing process for cotton fabrics.

Key words: quaternary ammonium salt, surfactant, cotton knitted fabric, antibacterial, finishing performance

中图分类号:

TQ423

方娇, 邢博. 季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的制备及对织物抗菌及整理性能的影响研究[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2026, 56(5): 571-579.

Jiao Fang, Bo Xing. Study on the preparation of a quaternary ammonium surfactant and its effects on fabric antibacterial and finishing properties[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(5): 571-579.

图/表 14

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

参考文献 24

[1]	Raiskio S, Periyasamy A, Hummel M, et al. Transforming mechanically recycled cotton and linen from post-consumer textiles into quality ring yarns and knitted fabrics[J]. Waste Management Bulletin, 2025, 3 (1) : 76-86. doi: 10.1016/j.wmb.2024.12.006
[2]	Asfand N, Basra S A, Daukantiene V, et al. Influence of antistatic polyester fibers on the properties of cotton and polyester single Jersey knitted fabrics[J]. Fibres and Textiles, 2022, 29 (1) : 10-16.
[3]	Feng Xiaoyan, Xia Chenglong, Chen Ying, et al. Preliminary study on the sterilization mechanism of chitosan silver nanoparticles antibacterial cotton fiber[J]. Chemical New Materials, 2016, 44 (10) : 204-206.
[4]	Nadagouda M N, Vijayasarathy P, Sin A, et al. Antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts: structure-activity relationship[J]. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2022, 31 (10) : 1663-1678. doi: 10.1007/s00044-022-02924-9
[5]	Ding Q, Liu J, Liu Y Y, et al. Durable antibacterial cotton fabrics with good performance enabled by quaternary ammonium salts[J]. Cellulose, 2024, 31 (10) : 6551-6564. doi: 10.1007/s10570-024-05991-w
[6]	Qin Enbo, Zhou Lei, Wang Jue, et al. Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55 (1) : 49-54.
[7]	Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, et al. Synthesis of n‐alkylated quaternary ammonium chitosan and its long‐term antibacterial finish for rabbit hair fabric[J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2022, 33 (1) : 314-325. doi: 10.1002/pat.v33.1
[8]	Hou Shida, Wang Zhifei, Wang Yakui, et al. Study on the application performance of multi cationic quaternary ammonium salt and aec composite system[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2024, 54 (2) : 131-138.
[9]	Zhang H, Zhang T, Qiu Q, et al. Quaternary ammonium salt-modified polyacrylonitrile/ polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibers with enhanced antibacterial properties[J]. Textile Research Journal, 2021, 91: 2194-2203. doi: 10.1177/0040517521997187
[10]	Xiao Chunyan, Min Xin, Chen Zhenzhen, et al. Synthesis and application of polyether modified quaternary ammonium organosilicon antibacterial softener[J]. Printing and Dyeing, 2023, 49 (5) : 45-48.
[11]	Zhou Xiaolong, Wang Ruiqi, Chen Guoli, et al. The synthesis of O-quaternary ammonium salt oxidized chitosan and its antibacterial finishing on cotton fabrics[J]. Journal of Chemistry of Higher Education, 2024, 45 (3) : 7-19.
[12]	Lu Guiqian, Dong Weimin, Zuo Huajiang, et al. Synthesis of reactive polymer antibacterial agents and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabrics[J]. Ion Exchange and Adsorption, 2010, 26 (4) : 289-299.
[13]	Zhou Jingru, Pei Lixia, Zhang Lizhi. Sterilization performance of modified activated carbon loaded polymer quaternary ammonium salt[J]. Journal of Chemical Industry, 2012, 63 (1) : 286-291.
[14]	Fu X, Zhang Y, Jia X, et al. Research progress on typical quaternary ammonium salt polymers[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27 (4) : 1267.
[15]	Meier P, Clement P, Altenried S, et al. Quaternary ammonium-based coating of textiles is effective against bacteria and viruses with a low risk to human health[J]. Scientific Reports, 2023, 13 (1) : 20556.
[16]	Phutthatham L, Ngernchuklin P, Kaewpa D, et al. UV-activated coating polymer particle containing quaternary ammonium for antimicrobial fabrics[J]. Colloid and Polymer Science, 2022, 300(4) : 351-364. doi: 10.1007/s00396-022-04946-6
[17]	Li C, Zhong J, Weng Y, et al. Quaternary ammonium surfmers: synthesis, characterization and antibacterial performance[J]. RSC Applied Interfaces, 2025, 2 (6) : 1690-1701. doi: 10.1039/D5LF00182J
[18]	Zhang Yangbo, Liang Yaqin, Liu Zhengwei, et al. Synthesis and properties of ester based gemini quaternary ammonium salt surfactant C₁₂-E₂_nO_m-C₁₂[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55 (6) : 709-714.
[19]	Qin Enbo, Zhou Lei, Wang Jue, et al. Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55 (1) : 49-54.
[20]	Wang Liyan. Study on the composite properties of piperazine linked double quaternary ammonium salt surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate[J]. Chemical Research and Application, 2024, 36 (12) : 2987-2992.
[21]	Guo Naini, Gu Yuanzi. Research progress on synthesis of quaternary ammonium salt cationic gemini surfactants[J]. Chemical Research and Application, 2019, 31 (8) : 1410-1415.
[22]	Sun Ya, Pan Hua, Han Fu, et al. Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants with hydroxyl groups in the head group[J]. Journal of Daily Chemical Industry, 2019, 49 (3) : 135-140, 149.
[23]	Ding Qingying, Luo Ying, Xiao Zhuanquan, et al. The synthesis and antibacterial activity of N-hydrogenated nobulyl-N'- benzyl imidazolium quaternary ammonium salts[J]. Chemical Research and Application, 2025, 37 (5) : 1171-1179.
[24]	Zhou Juntao, Pan Yan, Zhou Chao, et al. Research on the preparation of surface antibacterial coatings based on layer by layer self-assembly technology and grafting of quaternary ammonium salt antibacterial agents[J]. Biomedical Engineering Research, 2019, 38 (3) : 347-352.