有机硅季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与发展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有机硅季铵盐表面活性剂既具有有机硅材料的优良性能，还具有季铵盐基团的杀菌、柔软、抗静电等性能，属于多功能型的表面活性剂，多年来倍受关注。目前国内外关于有机硅季铵盐的制备工艺繁多，常见的有机硅季铵盐合成方法有：卤烃基硅烷与叔胺的取代反应、环氧基硅烷与叔胺的开环加成反应、自由基聚合反应、硅烷基溶胶-凝胶反应等制备工艺。针对有机硅季铵盐反应周期长的缺点，在合成中引入微波高压、加入催化剂等方法提高反应速度。文章综述了国内外有机硅季铵盐表面活性剂的分子结构、合成工艺和应用领域，并对产品的研究现状、存在的问题以及未来的发展方向进行讨论与展望。

关键词: 季铵盐, 有机硅, 合成, 表面活性剂, 杀菌

Abstract:

Organosilicon quaternary ammonium surfactants not only have the excellent performance of silicone materials, but also have the bactericidal, softening and antistatic properties of quaternary ammonium groups. Therefore, they are multi-functional surfactants and have attracted much attention for many years. Currently, based on relevant domestic and foreign reports, there are a variety of preparation techniques for organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts. The common methods of synthesis of organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts are as follows: The substitution reactions between halogenated hydrocarbon-based silanes and tertiary amines, the ring-opening addition reactions between epoxy silanes and tertiary amines, free-radical polymerization reaction, sol-gel reaction, etc. To overcome the shortcoming of long reaction period for synthesizing organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts, microwave and high-pressure treatment and catalysts have been introduced to improve the reaction rate. In this review, an overview of the molecular structure, synthesis process and application fields for silicone quaternary ammonium surfactants has been provided, both domestically and internationally. Furthermore, the current research status, existing problems and future development direction of the products have also been discussed.

Key words: quaternary ammonium salt, silicone, synthesis, surfactant, bactericidal

中图分类号:

TQ423.12

孟祥吉, 王婧如, 王韵恺, 智丽飞, 王国永, 杨佳茜. 有机硅季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与发展[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2025, 55(5): 640-648.

Xiangji Meng, Jingru Wang, Yunkai Wang, Lifei Zhi, Guoyong Wang, Jiaqian Yang. Synthesis and development of organosilicon quaternary ammonium surfactants[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55(5): 640-648.

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