Table of Content

22 October 2020, Volume 50 Issue 10 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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Rheological properties of a novel clean fracturing fluid: the micellar system of 25-HP-21/NaSal CUI Xiu,FANG Bo,XU Hai-tao 2020, 50 (10):  653-659.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.001 Abstract ( 264 )   HTML ( 75 )   PDF (1673KB) ( 285 )   Erucamidopropyl dimethylamine, oleamidopropyl dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin were used as the main raw materials to synthesize a novel asymmetric cationic Gemini surfactant, i.e. hydroxypropylene（erucamido-oleamido propyl dimethyl ammonium） chloride acetate （25-HP-21）. Then 25-HP-21 was mixed with sodium salicylate （NaSal） to obtain a viscoelastic micellar system. The rheological properties, microrheological properties, temperature-resistance and sand-carrying properties of the micellar system were studied. The effects of NaSal on the aggregate morphology of 25-HP-21 micelles was characterized by1H NMR. The results showed that, when the content of 25-HP-21 in the mixed system was fixed to 2%, the optimized ratio of 25-HP-21/NaSal for this micellar system was 5∶1 （w/w）. In addition, when the mass ratio of 25-HP-21/NaSal was fixed to 5∶1, the micellar system of 3.6% 25-HP-21/NaSal showed better viscoelasticity, temperature-resistance and sand-carrying properties and more significant shear thinning and thixotropy. The1H NMR spectrum of the system showed that the addition of NaSal was beneficial to the formation of worm-like micelles, and the arrangement of surfactant molecules were more compact. This micellar system had a simple formula and excellent properties, which was expected to enrich the family of novel clean fracturing fluids. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Study on the design and synthesis of amphiphilic polymers and their synergistic systems (X) Reservoir adaptability KANG Wan-li,FAN Yu-heng,YANG Hong-bin,Bauyrzhan Sarsenbekuly 2020, 50 (10):  660-668.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.002 Abstract ( 195 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 405 )   Amphiphilic polymers have achieved a certain oil-increasing effect in oilfield applications due to their good temperature resistance, salt resistance and crude-oil-emulsifying properties. In order to further understand the application effects of amphiphilic polymers in oilfields, the application examples in domestic and foreign oilfields and the physical and chemical properties of amphiphilic polymers have been introduced. The adaptability of the amphiphilic polymers and their synergistic systems to the reservoir has been reviewed in terms of reservoir type （heavy oil reservoir or thin oil reservoir）, reservoir temperature and reservoir salinity. Finally, based on the application conditions, the development trend of the amphiphilic polymers and their synergistic systems in the future has been pointed out. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Synthesis and properties of sodium n-heptylselanyloctyl sulfate LIU De-qiong,ZHANG Yong-min,FAN Ye,LIU Xue-feng,FANG Yin-jun 2020, 50 (10):  669-675.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.003 Abstract ( 256 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1563KB) ( 318 )   The selenium-containing surfactants are functional surfactants with a redox-switchable divalent selenide group （-Se-） embedded in the hydrophobic tail. In order to further enrich the research of Se-containing surfactants, an anionic surfactant of sodium n-heptylselanyloctyl sulfate （C7SeC8SO4Na） was synthesized. Its water solubility, reduction of gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfacial tensions, foaming properties and emulsifying properties were studied. The reversible redox-response behavior of C7SeC8SO4Na was investigated. The results showed that, the Krafft temperature of C7SeC8SO4Na was （21.7±0.3） ℃, and its critical micelle concentration was 7.3×10-4 mol/L （30 ℃, ring method）. C7SeC8SO4Na was transformed into C7SeOC8SO4Na after oxidation with H2O2 because the selenide group in C7SeC8SO4Na was oxidized to the selenoxide group. Compared with C7SeC8SO4Na, C7SeOC8SO4Na had better water solubility, but the abilities of reducing surface and/or interfacial tensions, foaming and emulsification were obviously worse. After reduction with Na2SO3, C7SeOC8SO4Na was restored to its reduced form （C7SeC8SO4Na）, and then the abilities of reducing surface and/or interfacial tensions, foaming and emulsification were recovered. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the properties of salts of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether succinates WU Zhi-fang,LI Yun-ling 2020, 50 (10):  676-680.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.004 Abstract ( 275 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1233KB) ( 403 )   A series of novel surfactants, i.e. salts of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether succinates with different ethylene oxide （EO） numbers （AEnCE-Na, n=3, 5, 7, 9）, were studied by measurement of equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension, contact angle as well as the evaluation of application performance in wetting, emulsifying, foaming and detergency. The results showed that, AE3CE-Na not only exhibited the highest efficiency and ability to reduce the surface tension of solutions, but also showed the best wettability on the paraffin film. The diffusion rate of AEnCE-Na with different EO numbers were all fast. In terms of application performance, AE3CE-Na showed the best wetting, emulsifying （including liquid paraffin and soybean oil） and foaming properties, while AE9CE-Na showed the best detergency and foam stability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rheology of the mixed aqueous systems of N-acyl amino acid surfactant and ionic liquid surfactant HUI Meng-meng,BAI Ya-rong,YANG Xu-zhao,ZHANG Chen-long,WANG Jun 2020, 50 (10):  681-686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.005 Abstract ( 314 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (1331KB) ( 380 )   The interactions between an ionic liquid surfactant （1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromine, [C14Mim][Br]） and three N-acyl amino acid surfactants （sodium lauroyl sarcosinate （SLS）, sodium lauroyl glutamate （SLGLU） and sodium lauroyl glycinate （SLG））, and the rheology of the mixed aqueous systems of [C14Mim][Br]/SLS and [C14Mim][Br]/SLGLU with different mole fractions （x） of [C14Mim][Br] were studied by the determination of surface tension and rheology. Except SLG, the N-acyl amino acid surfactants under investigation showed a good formulation stability when mixed with [C14Mim][Br]. The surface tension of mixed solutions of [C14Mim][Br]/SLS and [C14Mim][Br]/SLGLU were both indicative of synergistic effect. The synergistic effect between [C14Mim][Br] and SLGLU was larger than that between [C14Mim][Br] and SLS, and the optimum x were 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. When a series of aqueous solutions of [C14Mim][Br]/SLS and [C14Mim][Br]/SLGLU were tested by thixotropy, there was no thixotropic loop for the mixed solutions except the solutions of [C14Mim][Br]/SLS at x=0.4-0.5 and the solution of [C14Mim][Br]/SLGLU at x=0.7. The two series of aqueous solutions showed the characteristics of shear thinning, which might be related to the formation of vesicles in the mixed systems. Except for the mixed solution of [C14Mim][Br]/SLS at x=0.5, no significant change was observed in the viscosity of the two mixed systems with shear time, indicative of good shear resistance. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of carboxyl content in modified chitooligomer on moisture absorption-retention and anti-oxidant activities PAN Yu-fan,ZHANG Fang-dong,BU Xin,PEI Ji-cheng 2020, 50 (10):  687-692.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.006 Abstract ( 282 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1093KB) ( 331 )   Modified chitooligomer （MC） was prepared by oxidation of chitooligomer （COS） using laccase/TEMPO/O2 system （TEMPO dosage was controlled at 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%）. The carboxyl content and water existing forms in products were analyzed by conductometric titration and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance （LF-NMR）, and the moisture absorption-retention activity and anti-oxidant activity were detected. The results show that the carboxyl content in MC increases with the TEMPO usage, and the carboxyl content in MC-8 is as high as 2.82%. With the increase of carboxyl content, the amount of bound water in MC increases at first and then decreases, and the moisture absorption-retention capacity shows the same trend. The moisture absorption rate of MC-2 in saturated ammonium sulfate and saturated potassium carbonate solution for 60 h is up to 63.14% and 20.26%, respectively. The moisture retention rate for 24 h is 4.71%. The increase of carboxyl content is beneficial to improve the anti-oxidant activity of the product, and the ABTS radical scavenging rate of MC-8 at the mass concentration of 0.5 g/L is 85.47%. The study indicates that MC has potential application value in the field of cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Green synthesis of isoamyl acetate in deep eutectic solvent WANG Ying-lei,LI Wen-huan,GENG Xiao-bin,LI Jin,XIE Ying-nan 2020, 50 (10):  693-697.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.007 Abstract ( 518 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1049KB) ( 343 )   Isoamyl acetate was synthesized by using acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol as raw materials, and deep eutectic solvent choline chloride-zinc chloride as catalyst. The target product was measured by refractive index, and characterized by FT-IR and1H NMR. The effects of reactant ratio, deep eutectic solvent dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of isoamyl acetate were studied. Results showed that the yield of isoamyl acetate can reach 93% when the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamyl alcohol is 1.2∶1, the dosage of choline chloride-zinc chloride is 2.0 g, the reaction temperature is 110 ℃ and the reaction time is 3.0 h. In addition, choline chloride-zinc chloride was recovered and recycled for five times, and the product yield could still reach 85%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of microbial contamination and preservative use in cosmetics ZHANG Jing,LIU Xu-ping,YI Lu-yao,ZHANG Chun-hua,ZHANG Ying 2020, 50 (10):  698-703.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.008 Abstract ( 444 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (853KB) ( 573 )   The microbial contamination of cosmetics and the use of preservatives were analyzed, and the control ability of the preservative system to microbial contamination was evaluated. According to “Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetic” （2015th Edition） （hereinafter referred to as “Standards”）, 38 batches of microorganisms and preservatives of commercial cosmetics were detected, and the detection conditions were summarized; the bacteriostatic test was carried out according to the general rule 1121 of the fourth part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2015th Edition）. The results show that the microbiological indexes of three batches are unqualified, which does not meet the requirements of the “Standards”. The contaminating bacteria are identified as Streptococcus porcinus, Kocuria rosea, and Pantoea agglomerans. The type and concentration of preservatives are within the requirements of the “Standards”. 7 batches use 4-hydroxybenzoates, 3 batches use phenoxyethanol,1 batch use methyl isothiazolinone, and 23 batches use composite preservative. 38 batches of cosmetics all pass the antibacterial efficacy challenge experiment. The results show that the control of microbiological index in cosmetics cannot be completely dependent on preservatives. Manufacturers should strictly control the scope and dosage of preservatives, control the production process and production environment, strengthen the microbiological control in the production process, and improve the product quality. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of two-photon imaging technology in epidermal inflammation of acnes caused by Propionibacterium acnes HE Gai-ying,TANG Jing-hui,SUN Ya-nan,MA Shu-hua,YANG Wei-feng,WANG Yi 2020, 50 (10):  704-710.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.009 Abstract ( 234 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (2789KB) ( 363 )   Changes of epidermal inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes （P.acnes） were detected by Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence （TPEF） imaging technology and other methods. P.acnes in the logarithmic growth phase were injected into the ears of mice, and the changes in epidermal thickness, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale cells were studied by TPEF imaging technology. Thickness of ear and epidermis were detected by ear thickness measurement and HE staining method. TPEF imaging technology found that the epidermis thickness was increased significantly, the molecules in granular cells were rearranged, and the morphology of stratum spinosum and stratum basale cells was changed after P.acnes infection. Ear thickness measurement and HE staining revealed that the ear and epidermis infected by P.acnes became thicker. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of thujopsanone catalyzed by activated carbon supported quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate ZHANG Sheng,ZHU Kai 2020, 50 (10):  711-716.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.010 Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1599KB) ( 437 )   A catalyst, namely quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate, was prepared by using phosphotungstic acid, H2O2 and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride as raw materials. Then, activated carbon was used to support the catalyst to form an activated carbon-supported phosphotungstic acid quaternary ammonium salt catalyst. The structure of the catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM. It was used as a catalyst for the synthesis of thujopsanone. The effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation were studied. The optimized reaction was obtained under the conditions as follows: quaternary ammonium phosphotungstate loading was 30%; the reaction temperature was 70 ℃; the molar ratio of raw materals was n（H2O2）∶n（thujopsene） of 1.8∶1; the reaction time was 6 h; the catalyst was added in the amount corresponding to 8% of thujopsene. Meanwhile, the yield of thujopsanone, the conversion of thujopsene and the selectivity to thujopsanone were 65.7%, 90.9% and 72.3%, respectively, and the catalyst could be recycled for three times. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Effects of lipids on skin condition and guidance on the development of related cosmetics HU Xue-qing,ZHOU Ming-yue,YANG Man-li,CHEN Feng,HE Cong-fen,JIA Yan 2020, 50 (10):  717-724.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.011 Abstract ( 495 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (854KB) ( 1017 )   Skin lipids dramatically influence the skin condition by different mechanisms. Further research needs the use of lipidomics which has more powerful analytical ability and high-throughput manner, to identify skin lipid components into individual species. The validation of structure and function of lipids was operated to study the process that individual lipid species was involved in. The effects and mechanisms of skin lipids on skin conditions were reviewed from three aspects of functions in physical chemistry, biochemistry and microecology. Additionally, the integration of lipidomics data with other omics strategies could develop the power to study the mechanism of skin lipids influencing skin condition, which could guide the relevant research and development of cosmetics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of 24 fragrance allergens in cosmetics by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LONG Pei,ZHENG Lin,GAO Jia-nan,WU Yi-xin,XU Jia-ming,REN Fei,XIAO Dao-qing 2020, 50 (10):  725-730.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.012 Abstract ( 245 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (879KB) ( 312 )   A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 24 fragrance allergens in cosmetics. After ultrasonically extracted by methanol and dehydrated by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate, the cosmetics samples were centrifuged, filtered and analyzed by GC-MS/MS with external standard method. The limits of detection of 24 fragrance allergens range from 1 to 28 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients in the linear range were all greater than 0.995. Three types of cosmetics, including perfume, moisturizing water and cleansing cream, were selected to verify the accuracy of the method. The average spiked recoveries range from 70.1% to 119.6%, and the relative standard deviations （RSD） varies from 0.8% to 7.0% （n=6）. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive, and suitable for the determination of 24 fragrance allergens in cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of eight pyrethroids in children’s mosquito repellent products by SPE-GC-MS TAN Li-jun,LI Xin 2020, 50 (10):  731-734.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.013 Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (878KB) ( 337 )   A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） method was developed for the determination of pyrethroids residues in mosquito repellent products for children on the market. Methanol was identified as the extraction solvent. The extraction solution was purified by HLB solid phase extraction column. Ethyl acetate was used as the eluting solvent., After the eluate was concentrated by rotary evaporation, it was detected by a mass spectrometer to determine the characteristic ions of each pyrethroid substance, and quantified by selective ion scanning （SIM） and external standard method. The results show that there is a good linear relationship between the mass concentration of the eight pyrethroids and their corresponding peak area within the range of 0.05-1.0 mg/L,the correlation coefficients are not less than 0.998, and the detection limits are 0.01-0.61 μg/L. The average recoveries of the three spiked level samples are 91.8%-119.2%, and the relative standard deviations are 0.94%-6.43% （n=5）. The method has the advantages of simple pretreatment, good linearity and repeatability, and can be used to detect pyrethroids in mosquito repellent products. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics