16SrRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technique was used to study the difference of bacterial composition between mild eczema skin and healthy skin of 0-2 year-old children as well as before and after using emollient. It was found that compared with the healthy group, the abundance of Actinomycetes, Azospirillum and Rhodococcus increase significantly in eczema group, while the abundance of [Prevotella], Limnobacter, Agrobacterium and Lactobacillus decrease significantly （P<0.05）. At the species level, the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus （P<0.01）, Hyphomicrobium zavarzinii, and Streptococcus anginosus （P<0.05） are significantly higher, while the abundance of Staphylococcus haemolyticus （P<0.05） and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana （P<0.001） are significantly lower. After the use of emollients for one week, the clinical symptoms of eczema are improved, and the number of bacteria operational taxonomic units （OTUs） shared by the healthy and post-treatment mild eczema groups increase compared with those shared by the healthy and mild eczema groups. Taxonomic composition analysis reveals that Anoxybacillus （Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis）, Micrococcus （Micrococcus luteus）, and Mycoplana levels increase significantly after applying emollients, while Actinomyces, Azospirillum, Hyphomicrobium （H.zavarzinii）, and Burkholderia （Burkholderia bryophila） decrease significantly （P<0.05）. The results show that the bacterial composition of mild perioral eczema-like skin is different from that of healthy skin, which is related to the significant increase of Staphylococcus aureus. Moisturizing cosmetics such as emollients can relieve mild eczema and it is related to the decrease of the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Actinomycetes and Staphylococcus aureus.
