天然植物多糖的提取、分离及其在皮肤领域的研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2024.06.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物多糖是一种从植物各部位中提取的天然高分子聚合物，由十个或十个以上的单糖单元通过糖苷键聚合而成。近年来，由于其丰富的生物活性、安全性、亲肤性等特点越来越受到人们的关注。多糖的结构和功能之间具有密切关系，不同的提取和纯化方法会对多糖的结构产生影响，进而改变其生物活性。本文阐述了植物多糖的提取、分离、纯化工艺，并同时对植物多糖具有的保湿补水、抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、美白等功效进行了总结，以期为植物多糖在功能化妆品的开发和应用提供理论支撑。

关键词: 植物多糖, 保湿, 抗氧化, 抗炎, 抑菌, 美白, 皮肤

Abstract:

Plant polysaccharides are natural polymers extracted from various parts of plants, which are composed of ten or more monosaccharide units connected with glycosidic bonds. In recent years, their applications in skin care have attracted more and more attention due to the rich biological activity, low cytotoxicity, safety, and being skin-friendly. The biological activities of polysaccharides closely correlate with their structure, and different techniques of extraction and purification could have influence on the structure of polysaccharides. Therefore, in this review, the relevant studies on plant polysaccharides in recent years have been summarized, including the extraction, isolation and purification processes of plant polysaccharides, and the applications in skin care such as moisturizing and hydrating, skin whitening and antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This review can provide theoretical support for application of plant polysaccharides in the development of cosmetics.

Key words: plant polysaccharide, moisturizing, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, whitening, skin

中图分类号:

TQ658

刘慧, 杨思佳, 任晗堃, 曲召辉, 郑立波, 李姝静. 天然植物多糖的提取、分离及其在皮肤领域的研究进展[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2024, 54(6): 708-717.

Hui Liu, Sijia Yang, Hankun Ren, Zhaohui Qu, Libo Zheng, Shujing Li. Research progress of extraction and isolation of natural plant polysaccharides and their applications in skin care[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2024, 54(6): 708-717.

图/表 7

图 1

表 1

表 2

天然来源纯化植物多糖的方法总结"

方法	机制	适用范围	目标生产属性	优点	缺点
膜分离	根据膜孔径的不同分离多糖	不同分子量分布的粗多糖	获得不同分子量的多糖	①收率高；②不易破坏多糖的生物活性； ③能耗低	①易产生浓差极化现象；②膜易受到污染
超速离心	多糖沉积比不同	不同分子量分布的粗多糖	获得不同分子量的均质多糖	不易破坏多糖的生物活性	收率低
有机溶剂沉淀	多糖在不同溶剂中的溶解度不同	不同分子量分布的粗多糖	获得不同分子量的多糖	①工艺简单；②可以获得不同分子量分布的多糖	①易产生共沉淀；②效率低
季铵盐沉淀	长链季铵盐可与酸性多糖或长链多糖形成络合物而沉淀	大多数粗多糖，尤其是酸性多糖	获得酸性和中性的粗多糖	①成本低；②设备要求简单	①多糖结构破坏大； ②收率低
阴离子交换层析	依据流动相中组分离子与交换剂上的平衡离子进行可逆交换时结合力大小差异分离	酸性、中性和粘性多糖，尤其是与蛋白质结合的复杂多糖	获得均质多糖	分离能力大，效果满意	①成本高；②洗脱液流速易受体积变化影响，对洗脱液pH值或溶液离子强度的变化敏感
凝胶柱层析	分子筛原理，根据多糖的大小和形状	大多数粗多糖	获得不同分子量范围的均质多糖	快速、方便、有效的分离过程	①分离条件严格；②不适用于粘多糖的分离
亲和柱层析	分子亲和力	对色谱柱上的基团有亲和力的多糖	获得具有不同性质的均质多糖	①可分离含量较少的多糖；②多糖的一次性富集度很高	很难找到合适的配体
纤维素柱层析	分子筛原理	酸性和中性多糖	获得不同分子量范围的多糖	高纯度多糖	费时，特别是对于更粘稠的酸性多糖
大孔树脂层析	分子筛与选择性吸附原理	大多数多糖	获得不同分子量范围的多糖	①吸附容量高；②选择性好；③重现性好	分离不同性质多糖的能力较弱

表 2

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方法	优点	缺点
热水提取法	操作简单，成本低，应用最广泛	反复提取，费时费力，纯度低
酸碱萃取法	节省时间，提取率高	对多糖有选择性，酸碱浓度难以控制
酶提取法	条件温和、速度快、收率高、纯度高	酶用量大，成本高，且有酶降解产物
超声波提取法	简单省时，低能耗，应用广泛	很容易改变多糖的结构
超高压萃取法	具有操作简单、时间短、产量高等优点	不适用于高淀粉物料
微波提取法	最省时、省溶剂，有利于热不稳定物质的萃取	会降解多糖，不利于大规模生产
超临界流体萃取法	溶剂可回收，无残留，应用前景广阔	设备复杂，成本高，提取范围有限