Table of Content

22 September 2025, Volume 55 Issue 9 Previous Issue   

Invited paper

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Study on the synthesis and properties of sulfate-spacered gemini surfactants Guoqiang Lu, Meng Mu, Ye Fan, Xuefeng Liu, Yongmin Zhang 2025, 55 (9):  1085-1092.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.001 Abstract ( 98 )   HTML ( 229 )   PDF (1956KB) ( 100 )   Gemini surfactants, in which the two hydrophilic headgroups are linked by a spacer nearby, have unique properties that arise from their particular molecular structure. The spacer group therein is important and indispensable in the molecular structure of gemini surfactants. A large number of studies so far have been devoted to the effects of different spacers, but sulfate-containing spacers are rarely reported. In this work, a series of sulfate-spacered gemini surfactants with different degrees of sulfonation （14-xSO4-14） were synthesized from 14-OH-14 by sulfonation using different amount of chlorosulfonic acid. The molecular structure was characterized using 1H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy （ESI-MS）, and the degree of sulfonation was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES）. The results showed that, compared with unsulfonated 14-OH-14, the cmc of 14-xSO4-14 gradually decreased with increasing degree of sulfonation, and a minimum was obtained at x=1.0 （decreasing the cmc by one order of magnitude）. Furthermore, 14-xSO4-14 exhibited greater abilities to self-assemble and to reduce surface/interfacial tension. 14-xSO4-14 could not only reduce the oil-water interfacial tension to an ultra-low level, but also maintain it for a wide time window. Among these geminis with different degrees of sulfonation, 14-0.2SO4-14 exhibited the best foaming ability and foam stability and the best antimicrobial effect against E. coli, while 14-0.6SO4-14 had the best antimicrobial effect against S. aureus. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the mechanism of in-situ viscosity reduction and wettability control in oil displacement by diluted-microemulsion Yibo Li, Min Yang, Qinghuan Deng, Shuoshi Wang 2025, 55 (9):  1093-1099.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.002 Abstract ( 58 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1427KB) ( 86 )   To solve the problem that the high cost of microemulsion has limited the field application, in this work, the single-phase microemulsion was diluted to construct a diluted microemulsion system. The heavy oil from CF oilfield in Xinjiang was taken as the object to explore the synergistic mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by using a solvent n-tetradecane （n-C14） and a surfactant （cationic CTAB, anionic SDS or nonionic OP-10）.A stable single-phase microemulsion formulation with the mass ratio of active substance to solvent of 8∶2 was determined by titration, and it was diluted to a surfactant mass fraction of 0.25% to form a diluted-microemulsion system. The performance characterization showed that the micelle size of the system was nanoscale, and the system was relatively stable. The mechanism research showed that: 1） Diluted-microemulsion could significantly reduce the oil-water interfacial tension and weaken the capillary force to drive the flow of residual oil; 2） Static experiments showed that the solvent was released into crude oil with the aid of surfactant, which reduced the viscosity of crude oil and promoted the formation of oil-in-water emulsion; 3） The surfactant could regulate the wettability of rock, reduce the adhesion of crude oil and improve the permeability of water phase. The mechanism of wettability change varied depending on the type of surfactant and the charge of rock surface: CTAB was able to desorb the acidic groups of crude oil from the surface of sandstone in an irreversible way by forming ion pairs, while SDS and OP-10 relied on another action mechanism. Among them, CTAB showed the best performance in wettability modification. Based on the synergistic mechanism above, the diluted microemulsion effectively improved the heavy oil recovery. This work might provide theoretical basis and technical support for the application of diluted microemulsion in heavy oil recovery. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Basic research

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The synthesis of alcohol ether esters through the catalytic hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate in the Cu-Al systems induced by Al2O3 properties Peng Wu, Lina Ma, Yu Zheng, Li Luo, Lihong Su, Juntian Li 2025, 55 (9):  1100-1111.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.003 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2138KB) ( 110 )   The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al2O3 catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate （DEO） for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD, XPS, N2O titration, and 27Al MAS-NMR. The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al2O3 were the same, increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles （Cu NPs）, and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO. Meanwhile, the smaller size of γ-Al2O3（HSAl and SBAl） loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol （EtOH） and ethylene glycol （EG）. Besides, the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al2O3 （HTAl and SolAl） resulted in a lower conversion rate, where ethyl glycolate （Egly） is the main product. Despite there are differences in Al3+ ionic coordination in Al2O3 with different crystal structures, the experimental data showed that the differences in Al3+ ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction. The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites. Among them, EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism, while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate （EEA） via the SN2 mechanism. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of NH2-MIL-125 (Ti)/C3N5 composite and its photothermal catalytic reduction of CO2 performance Hongdan Hu, Xin Zhao 2025, 55 (9):  1112-1119.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.004 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (2037KB) ( 44 )   Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuel is of great significance to alleviate the energy crisis and greenhouse effect. However, the recombination of photoelectron-holes greatly limits the catalytic activity of single-component material. In order to solve this problem, a S scheme nitrogen-rich carbon nitride （C3N5） supported metal-organic framework NH2-MIL-125（Ti）[NH2-MIL-125（Ti）/C3N5] heterojunction composite material was constructed by solvothermal method. The crystal phase, elemental composition, microstructure, spectral absorption and photoelectron-hole recombination of the composite material were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV-vis DRS and PL. The activity and stability of the composites for photothermal catalytic reduction of CO2 were evaluated, and the mechanism of photothermal catalytic reduction of CO2 was discussed. The results show that NH2-MIL-125（Ti）/C3N5 exhibits significantly enhanced photothermal composite material reduction of CO2 activity compared to the single component composite material. The yields of CH3OH and CO are 3.33 and 0.34 μmol/ （g·h）, respectively. The significantly improved photothermal composite material reduction of CO2 activity is due to the high specific surface area of the composite material up to 674.916 m2/g and efficient photoelectron-hole separation efficiency. The construction of S scheme heterojunction between NH2-MIL-125（Ti） and C3N5 is proved by the change of binding energy position of in-situ XPS and ordinary XPS spectra. The charge ias transferred from NH2-MIL-125（Ti） to C3N5, and the bending energy band and built-in electric field realize the efficient separation of photoelectron-holes. The electrons and holes with high reduction and oxidation activity are retained in the conduction band of C3N5 and the valence band of NH2-MIL-125（Ti）. Under the action of electron and thermal effects, CO2 is reduced to CH3OH and a small amount of CO is generated. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the construction, stability and antifungal activity of microemulsion system of Noni essential oil Xuefeng Wang, Qian Jiang, Zuowang Fan, Xiaoli Xie, Fulai Yu, Dan Wang 2025, 55 (9):  1120-1128.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.005 Abstract ( 80 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1532KB) ( 69 )   In order to obtain stable oil-in-water （O/W） microemulsion of Noni essential oil （NEO）, the water titration method and the pseudo ternary phase diagram method were used to investigate the effects of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants, co-surfactants, Km value （the mass ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant）, components, and proportions on the microemulsion formation. Meanwhile, the particle size, morphology, electrical conductivity, water solubility, stability, and antifungal activity of the NEO microemulsion were measured to determine their characteristics and physicochemical properties. The results show that castor oil polyethylene glycol 40 as the surfactant, propylene glycol as the co-surfactant, and Km with 3 when the mass ratio of NEO to the mixed surfactant is 7∶3, the water content of the O/W type aqueous phase is 70%, and the NEO microemulsion can be formed. The microemulsion is stable, transparent, and clear with a blue tint. The average particle size is （25.88±4.82） nm with the PDI of 0.177±0.030, and the microemulsion particles are more uniformly dispersed, spherical, and nearly spherical. At the same time, NEO microemulsion has good storage stability, centrifugal stability, and ion concentration stability, and is suitable for use at temperatures below 40 ℃ and in slightly acidic environments. The antifungal effect of NEO microemulsion on Candida tropicalis is better than that of NEO. This study shows that the microemulsion can achieve nanoparticle encapsulation of NEO, providing a good foundation for the widespread application of NEO. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of asphaltene, resin, and petroleum acid on the phase transition and interfacial properties of emulsions Chao Tang, Jiaojiao Guan, Shouping Zhang, Wenliang Cai, Yulian Lin, Shuixiang Xie, Yunfei Xiang 2025, 55 (9):  1129-1136.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.006 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1967KB) ( 63 )   The effects of asphaltene （AS）, resin （RE） and petroleum acid （PA） in crude oil on the interfacial behavior of emulsions were investigated. The interfacial tension, dilational modulus, phase transition points and droplet size distribution were analyzed. The results showed that, among the components studied, AS exhibited the highest interfacial tension （25.1 mN/m）, followed by RE （23.7 mN/m）, while PA exhibited the lowest interfacial tension （4.8 mN/m）. The fast adsorption kinetics of PA at the oil-water interface significantly decreased the interfacial tension, highlighting its strong surface activity. AS exhibited the highest dilational modulus （38.7 mN/m）, which strengthened the elasticity of the oil-water interfacial film and postponed the phase transition point. In contrast, PA, with a low dilational modulus of 6.1 mN/m, reduced the emulsion stability by decreasing interfacial elasticity and promoting droplet coalescence, leading to an earlier phase transition at water content of 60%. The synergism between RE and AS significantly increased the viscosity and stability of the emulsion, whose water content at the phase transition point was between 70% and 80%. This work might provide theoretical basis for improving oil recovery efficiency and modulating emulsion stability in oilfield applications. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Fe2O3/g-C3N5 photocatalyst and its application in removal of methane from coal mine gas Yanping Li 2025, 55 (9):  1137-1144.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.007 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1734KB) ( 54 )   Fe2O3/g-C3N5 photocatalyst was prepared by solvothermal method, and its performance in methane removal from coal mine gas was studied. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （UV-vis DRS）, photoluminescence （PL）, transient photocurrent spectroscopy （TPC）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and electron spin resonance spectroscopy （ESR） were used to characterize the crystal structure, characteristic absorption bands, spectral absorption, photoelectron-hole recombination, photoelectrochemical properties and active groups of the photocatalyst. The results showed that, under simulated sunlight irradiation for 180 min, the Fe2O3/g-C3N5 photocatalyst had removed 96.8% of CH4 （the initial volume fraction of CH4 was 18%）, and the removal efficiency of CH4 could still reach 95.8% after 5 cycles, indicative of good photocatalytic activity and stability. That was due to the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction between Fe2O3 and g-C3N5, which effectively promoted the photoelectron-hole separation, broadened the spectral absorption range, and promoted charge transfer. CH4 was attacked by h+ to generate ·CH3, which was further oxidized by ·O2- and ·OH to achieve degradation and removal. This work could provide a theoretical basis for photocatalytic removal of CH4 in coal mine gas. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and hydrophobic properties of biodegradable polyester materials Wei Cheng, Panpan Zhu 2025, 55 (9):  1145-1152.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.008 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2186KB) ( 56 )   In this paper, polylactic acid （PLA） and polybutylene adipate terephthalate （PBAT） were used as raw materials to prepare biodegradable PLA-PBAT polyester blends with different proportions by twin-screw extruder and plate vulcanization mechanism. The processing properties, mechanical properties, micromorphology, thermal properties and hydrophobic properties of the blends were tested. The degradation properties of the polyester blend in natural light, natural water and forest soil were tested. The results show that the PLA-PBAT polyester blend prepared by melt blending is a physical blend without chemical reaction. The addition of PBAT reduces the melting point of the blend and the maximum torque and equilibrium torque. The addition of PBAT promotes the crystallization process of PLA, and the peak crystallization temperature of the melt gradually increases and the crystallization peak area significantly expands. The addition of PBAT has little effect on the glass transition temperature of the blend, and the crystallinity increases first and then decreases with the increase of the proportion of PBAT, and the hydrophobic property is enhanced. The crystallinity of PBAT-15% samples reaches a maximum of 40.8%, and the cold crystallization temperature is 98.1 ℃. The elongation at break of PBAT-15% samples reaches a maximum of 308.4%. Degradation test shows that the degradation rate of PLA-PBAT blend plastic bag is the fastest in forest soil, and it can be used as an environmentally friendly and green packaging material. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Foam and mildness study of trehalolipid surfactant in rinse off formulations Mei Chen, Yaoyao Wu, Dandan Xia, Xiaowei Chang, Guizhen Su, Chen Liu 2025, 55 (9):  1153-1162.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.009 Abstract ( 87 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (1256KB) ( 81 )   The paper investigates the foaming and mildness properties of trehalolipids surfactant in rinse-off formulations, comparing it with the traditional nonionic surfactant alkyl-polyglycolide （APG）. Both single surfactant and their surfactant complexes are evaluated. And the results show that trehalolipids have significant advantages in reducing surface tension, improving foam performance, and enhancing mildness. For mildness evaluation, multiple methods are employed in the study, including in vitro cell toxicity, inflammatory markers, colorimetric index of mildness CIM, and in vivo method of human skin patch test. The results show that the addition of trehalolipids increases IC50 and reduces the release of inflammatory markers of the binary surfactant system. However, the incorporation of trehalolipids has some negative effects on the skin’s lipid barrier function. Skin patch test results indicate that the addition of trehalolipids improves the mildness of surfactant system, particularly in sulfate-free system. Overall, trehalolipids, as nonionic surfactants, presents great potential to replace traditional surfactants in rinse off formulations with enhanced mildness and foam performance. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of alkyl diphenyl ethers/alkyl benzene mixed sulfonates in industrial cleaning Xuyuan Zhang, Yingfeng Li, Shengti Cao, Chunxin Gao, Yueqing Huo, Xiaochen Liu 2025, 55 (9):  1163-1168.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.010 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1191KB) ( 45 )   The static surface tension, salt resistance, acid resistance, metal corrosion, and detergency of alkyl diphenyl ether/alkyl benzene mixed sulfonates （denoted as DL-n, where n=3, 5 and 7; take n=3 as an example, it refers to the mass ratio of alkyl diphenyl ether in raw material is 30% while the mass ratio of alkyl benzene is 70%） were evaluated. The results of DL-n were compared with those of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate （LAS） and sodium dodecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate （MADS）. It was found that, among the DL-n series, LAS and MADS, LAS exhibited the lowest critical micelle concentration （cmc）, the lowest surface tension at cmc, and the worst acid resistance. The salt resistance and acid resistance of DL-n were improved as the alkyl diphenyl ether content in raw material was increased. There was no significant difference among the DL-n series in metal corrosiveness to duralumin alloy LY12-BC2, Z30 grade 1 cast iron, and copper sheet, or in the detergency for artificial oil stains. The corrosiveness of DL-n to 45# steel and magnesium sheet was lower than that of LAS. The detergency of DL-n for anti-oxidation rust-preventive hydraulic oil and drawing oil decreased as the alkyl diphenyl ether content in raw material was increased. The DL-n series showed potential for use in processes with strong acidity and for industrial cleaning of 45# steel. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the photocatalytic degradation of chromium-containing wastewater by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified Bi2WO6 Benlong Huo, Xin Xie 2025, 55 (9):  1169-1178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.011 Abstract ( 33 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2035KB) ( 44 )   Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） was selected as the template agent, and thus the CTAB-modified Bi2WO6 photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method. Cr（VI） was used as simulated wastewater to verify the photocatalytic performance of CTAB-modified Bi2WO6. The photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR and PL. The results showed that the CTAB-modified Bi2WO6 photocatalyst prepared by hydrothermal method was of tetragonal scheelite type. After adding CTAB, the Bi2WO6 nanosheets accumulated to form “flower ball”, and the structure stacking and crystallinity were both improved. The adsorption-desorption isotherm of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst modified by CTAB was an Ⅳ-type isotherm with an obvious H3-type hysteresis loop. With the increase of the amount of CTAB, the specific surface area and pore volume of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst first increased and then decreased. The specific surface area and pore volume of 1 mmol Bi2WO6 added with 2 mmol CTAB reached the maximum values of 39.4 m2/g and 0.117 cm3/g, and the average pore size was 28.1 nm. The fluorescence intensity of 1 mmol Bi2WO6 photocatalyst added with 2 mmol CTAB was the lowest, and the photoelectron-hole pair recombination was the lowest. At 240 min, the percentage of degradation for Cr-containing wastewater was 96.48%. Compared with pure Bi2WO6, the catalytic efficiency was increased by 194.52%, and the degradation by the photocatalyst on Cr-containing wastewater could be improved under acidic conditions. The degradation by the photocatalyst still exceeded 85% when the catalyst was recycled for 5 times, which showed excellent catalytic degradation and recycling performance. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of black bean peptide on UVB-induced activity and collagen secretion of human skin fibroblasts Yali Shen, Peilin Liu, Linli Liu, Limin Fan, Huanying Li 2025, 55 (9):  1179-1186.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.012 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1419KB) ( 59 )   The study aimed to investigate the effects of black soybean peptide （BSP） on the activity and collagen secretion of human skin fibroblasts induced by UVB. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of black soybean peptide （0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL） on human skin fibroblasts was tested by MTT method. Human skin fibroblasts were divided into normal control group （NC）, UVB group, and UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups. The cells in NC group and UVB group were cultured in normal medium. The cells in UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups were cultured for 24 h with 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL black soybean peptide, respectively. MTT method and EdU staining method were used to test the cell viability. The contents of HA and HYP in the culture supernatant of cells were determined by ELISA method. The relative levels of COL1A1, COL3A1, MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA were detected by RT-qPCT. DCFH-DA probe was used to detect ROS. The levels of oxidative stress indexes （SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and MDA） were measured according to the kit instructions. The expression of Nrf2 （nucleus） and Keap1 protein was detected by western blotting. The black soybean peptide at the doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL does not affect the cell viability of human skin fibroblasts （F=0.597, P<0.668）. Compared with UVB group, the relative cell viability and EdU positive rate, the content of HA and HYP, the relative levels of COL1A1 and COL3A1 mRNA, the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, and the relative levels of Nrf2 （nucleus） protein of UVB+100, 200, 400, 800 μg/mL BSP groups gradually increase, while the relative levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA, the relative fluorescence intensity and MDA level of ROS decreased, and the relative level of Keap1 protein decreased （P<0.05）. Black bean peptide can increase the vitality of human skin fibroblasts induced by UVB, promote collagen secretion, and inhibit oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Black bean peptide is expected to become additives in anti-aging cosmetics or whitening cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The activity and skin-caring efficacy of amino acids/peptides fermented from meal protein Siyue Xie, Can Qin, Junmin Lin, Xiaochun Luo 2025, 55 (9):  1187-1197.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.013 Abstract ( 69 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1791KB) ( 62 )   This study examines the bioactivity and skincare efficacy of amino acids and peptides derived from the solid-state fermentation of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and rapeseed meal by Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3-3940, referred to as SAP, CAP, and RAP, respectively. In vitro and in vivo methods were employed to comprehensively compare their effects. The results indicate that all three samples exhibit notable stability and are non-irritating, with SAP demonstrating excellent absorption of amino acids and peptides in mouse skin. At a concentration of 480 µg/mL, all three amino acid and peptide samples significantly enhance the growth of HSF cells in serum-supplemented media, increasing the growth rate by 53.4%, 30.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Furthermore, at the same concentration, the scratch wound healing of HSF cells is enhanced by 98.4%, 99.0%, and 54.7% after 24 hours compared to the control group. The samples also effectively reduce ROS production induced by UV damage, thereby providing protection against photoaging. Human trials reveal that at a concentration of 640 µg/mL, the stratum corneum moisture content （MMV） in the sample group significantly increases 2 hours post-application compared to the blank group （P<0.05）, with SAP enhancing MMV by 21.58%. Moreover, in a skin damage model induced by low-sensitivity tape, skin redness （a value） and transepidermal water loss （TEWL） in the sample group are significantly lower 3 hours post-essence application compared to the blank group, with SAP reducing redness by 21.46% and TEWL by 40.84%. These findings indicate that SAP, CAP, and RAP exhibit diverse bioactivities, including moisturizing, anti-photoaging, and skin barrier repair properties, offering new insights and theoretical frameworks for the high-value utilization of plant meal by-products. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Interaction mechanism and application of the aqueous mixtures of surfactants and proteins Yutong Liu, Bingbing Yuan, Tiantian Han, Gong Chen, Yonghang Mu, Linhua Song, Zi Wang 2025, 55 (9):  1198-1206.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.014 Abstract ( 76 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (2085KB) ( 70 )   The research of the interaction mechanism between surfactants and proteins is of great significance for promoting the development of their applications across various fields. This review has focused on analyzing the behaviors of mixtures of surfactants and proteins both in bulk phase and at interfaces, with emphasis on the mechanisms involving electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and competitive adsorption at interfaces, as well as the significant impact of regulating system parameters on these mechanisms. Furthermore, this review has combined surfactant-protein interactions with practical applications, elaborating on their specific roles in pharmaceutical industry, food industry, and daily chemical products. The specific molecular behaviors of surfactant-protein systems with varying factors and their relationships to applications were also summarized. This review might provide theoretical basis for the development of novel, efficient surfactants and for the regulation of related protein functionalities. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the integration and application of emotional elements in the packaging design of children’s toiletries Qian Li, Wen Jiang 2025, 55 (9):  1207-1214.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.015 Abstract ( 60 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1710KB) ( 58 )   With the increase of consumers’ emotional demand for children’s products, packaging design has gone beyond its basic function and become an important way to convey brand emotion and establish consumer emotional connection. This paper firstly analyzes the psychological characteristics of children and the emotional needs of children at different ages in the consumption market of children’s daily necessities. Then, through case analysis, the principles of the integration of emotional elements in the packaging design of children’s toiletries are discussed. Secondly, it analyzes the typical problems of lacking emotion in the packaging design of children’s bath products in the current market, such as single emotional expression, static design as the leading, insufficient information transmission, and lack of brand culture transmission. Finally, based on the existing problems, the paper puts forward some suggestions on the optimization of packaging design, such as deepening emotional expression, enhancing interactive design, strengthening information transmission and deepening brand culture. The paper aims to provide a valuable reference for the innovation of children’s toiletries packaging design. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of 8 heavy metals in cosmetics by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry Jiayao Dai, Huai Tao, Zuowei Xiao, Yimiao Zhou 2025, 55 (9):  1215-1220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.09.016 Abstract ( 84 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 66 )   An analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES） was established for the determination of eight heavy metal elements （Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Bi, and Ti） in cosmetics. Cosmetic samples were digested by the microwave digestion method, with the digestion solution consisting of 8 mL nitric acid and 4 mL hydrogen peroxide. The results show that the eight heavy metal elements exhibit a good linear relationship in the linear range of 0.02-2.0 μg/mL. The limits of detection are in the range of 0.50-2.03 μg/L, with the correlation coefficients in the range of 0.999 4-0.999 8, and the RSD less than 5%. The average spiked recoveries of Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Bi, and Ti are 95.83%, 99.78%, 95.81%, 102.98%, 96.89%, 99.97%, 96.65%, and 103.99%, respectively. In 20 cosmetic samples, the content ranges of the eight heavy metals are as follows: Hg （0.03-0.75 mg/kg）, Pb （3.14-39.56 mg/kg）, Cr （2.45-15.57 mg/kg）, Ni （0-3.07 mg/kg）, Cd （0.58-4.20 mg/kg）, As （0.13-4.91 mg/kg）, Bi （15.69-30.86 mg/kg）, and Ti （4.85-40.40 mg/kg）. The ICP-OES method established in this study for the determination of eight heavy metals in cosmetics has good precision and accuracy, and can be applied to the detection of multiple heavy metal elements in cosmetics as well as cosmetic quality control. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics