Table of Content

22 August 2023, Volume 53 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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Research on the influence factors of surfactant imbibition in tight reservoirs Xu Derong,Lian Wei,Xiong Jinzhao,Kang Wanli 2023, 53 (8):  857-864.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.001 Abstract ( 158 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (1478KB) ( 227 )   Tight reservoirs always show poor physical properties, resulting in difficulties to be effectively exploited by conventional water flooding. Imbibition with surfactant solutions is the main means for exploitation of tight reservoirs. In this work, the effects of rock wettability, surfactant types, interfacial tension （IFT） of imbibition solutions, oil viscosities, temperature and surfactant slug combinations on imbibition efficiencies were studied with Changqing tight outcrop cores by Amott cells. The results showed that, the higher the wettability of the rock was, the higher the imbibition recovery would be obtained. The imbibition recovery of different types of surfactants was decreased in the sequence: anionic surfactants>nonionic surfactants>cationic surfactants. When the oil-water IFT of imbibition liquid was at the level of 10-1 mN/m, the imbibition efficiency was the highest. Reducing the viscosity of crude oil and increasing temperature were both beneficial to the imbibition recovery. The earlier the surfactant imbibition was carried out, the higher the imbibition efficiency was. In addition, the imbibition efficiency could be further improved by using ultra-low IFT imbibition solution after primary imbibition with non-ultra-low IFT imbibition solutions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and properties of a novel surfactant constructed by electrostatic interactions Wu Junhui,Pan Ting,Pei Xiaomei,Cui Zhenggang 2023, 53 (8):  865-872.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.002 Abstract ( 138 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (1784KB) ( 292 )   Taking stearic acid as the raw material, N-（2-（dimethylamino） ethyl） stearamide （C18N2N） was synthesized. A new surfactant was prepared by mixing C18N2N and cinnamic acid （TA） with fixed ratio. This surfactant was formed by non-covalent electrostatic interactions, which avoided complicated synthetic procedures. The surface activity and rheological properties of the surfactant were investigated with a surface tensiometer and a rheometer. The critical micelle concentration （cmc） and the surface tension at cmc （γcmc） of the surfactant were 0.11 mmol/L and 32.4 mN/m, indicative of strong aggregation and adsorption ability. The maximum amount adsorbed （Γmax） and the minimum molecular area occupied （Amin） were 2.77 μmol/m2 and 0.6 nm2. Wormlike micelles were formed at the concentration of 25 mmol/L. When the concentration was over 100 mmol/L, the zero-shear viscosity （η0） abruptly increased and then reached the maximum value for the surfactant of C18N2N /TA containing 150 mmol/L TA. The solution viscosity was as high as 1 761.38 Pa·s. The effects of temperature on the rheological behavior were also considered. With the increase of temperature, the viscosity gradually increased. And when the temperature reached 40 ℃, η0 of the solution with the concentration of 100 mmol/L achieved the maximum value of 1 370.386 Pa·s. When the temperature continued to rise, η0 began to decrease with further increasing temperature. A remarkable viscosity of 305.55 Pa·s was still remained at 50 ℃. The viscoelastic solutions showed good temperature resistance and shear resistance. The surfactant solutions applied as the fracturing fluid were also investigated. This surfactant also showed excellent sand-carrying performance, and the settling rate of the sand was merely 0.26 cm/min. This surfactant could be simply prepared and showed excellent performance, which expanded the preparation and application field of novel surfactants. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Scientific foundations of hair and scalp care （Ⅷ）Method for in vitro evaluation of hair growth prevention and research progress of plant anti-stripping raw materials Chen Xianqi,Ma Ling,Chen Timson,Chang Kuan,Wang Jing 2023, 53 (8):  873-881.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.003 Abstract ( 299 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (1619KB) ( 561 )   With the development of science and technology and the improvement of people’s living standards, the public’s aesthetic has gradually improved. People are more and more concerned about the appearance, especially the hair, and the prevention and hair growth have become the focus of everyone’s attention. Alopecia refers to a kind of physiological phenomenon that hair falls off, which is divided into physiological alopecia and pathological alopecia. Hair follicle （HF） plays an important role in the formation and growth of hair morphology, and different cell signaling pathways and growth factors are involved in the regulation of hair follicle growth cycle. Based on the human dermal papilla cell （HDPCs） model, several stress-inducing models in vitro were reviewed in this paper. Through the changes of markers in the models, the efficacy of anti-detachment materials was investigated and screened. In addition, several common plant anti-hair loss materials were listed, and their mechanism of action in hair follicles was summarized, hoping to provide reference for future research on anti-hair loss theory and raw material development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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The size and morphology control of Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal method using polyethylene glycol and diethylene glycol Wang Zhuliang,Guan Shuping,Zhang Min,Yang Jie,Li Yongji 2023, 53 (8):  882-890.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.004 Abstract ( 128 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3154KB) ( 141 )   A simple solvothermal method was used to control the size and morphology of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by changing the dosage of polyethylene glycol （PEG）, the molecular weight of PEG, and the volume fraction of diethylene glycol （DEG） in the reaction system. The prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and VSM. The results show that the walnut shaped Fe3O4 nanospheres are composed of small grains, as the dosage of PEG-4000 increasing from 0.1 g to 1.5 g, the size of the Fe3O4 grain tends to decrease. Appropriately increasing the chain length of PEG, with the molecular weight ranging from 200 to 4 000, is beneficial for promoting the growth of Fe3O4 nanocrystals. However, further increasing the length of the chain, at a molecular weight of 20 000, results in smaller Fe3O4 nanocrystals and microspheres. Changing the volume fraction of DEG can achieve the shapes transformation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, from rough walnut like large microspheres to smooth small microspheres, and then to regular rectangular crystals. Based on the adsorption, grafting, and steric hindrance effects of PEG and DEG, possible mechanisms for the formation of different morphology and size of nanostructures have been proposed, providing a useful reference for the controllable preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization of the prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles is about 80 emu/g, showing superparamagnetism. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of anti-oxidation and whitening efficacy of silk fibroin peptides from tussah Antherae pernyi Li Xuejun,Mi Rui,Wang Linmei,Li Yajie,Chen Xue,Du Xingfan 2023, 53 (8):  891-898.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.005 Abstract ( 228 )   HTML ( 40 )   PDF (1442KB) ( 305 )   Study on antioxidant and whitening efficacy of tussah fibroin peptides was conducted. The results show that the IC50 of DPPH free radical scavenging rate of NO.1 （molecular weight 2 000-5 000 Da） and NO.2 （molecular weight<2 000 Da） samples are 1.41 and 3.84 mg/mL, respectively, and the IC50 of hydroxyl free radical scavenging rate are 0.085 and 0.091 mg/mL, respectively. The total reducing power level increases with the sample dosage. The addition of tussah fibroin peptides have a protective effect on the UV-damaged mouse fibroblasts through increasing the activity of SOD and the content of GSH, and decreasing the content of MDA. In the evaluation of whitening efficacy, the IC50 of No.1 and No.2 samples of tyrosinase inhibition effect rate are 3.65 and 5.84 mg/mL, respectively, which can inhibit melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in mouse melanoma cells. In conclusion, tussah silk fibroin peptides have antioxidant and whitening activity, and the NO.1 sample with larger molecular weight is better than the NO.2 sample with smaller molecular weight. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on preparation and performance of multi-headgroup quaternary ammonium surfactant Cui Congcong,Zhang Hongli,Xuan Guangshan 2023, 53 (8):  899-907.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.006 Abstract ( 122 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1734KB) ( 171 )   Bi-headgroup quaternary ammonium surfactant （BTAE-n） and tetra-headgroup quaternary ammonium surfactant （PTAE-n） were synthesized from alkyl halides with different carbon chain length, benzyl chloride and α, α’-dichloro-p-xylene. The structure of products was characterized by HPLC, FT-IR, 1H NMR and LC-MS, and the Krafft temperature, emulsifying properties, wetting properties and foam properties of the surfactants were evaluated. The results show that the Krafft temperatures of BTAE-n and PTAE-n are both lower than 0 ℃, indicative of good water solubility and low-temperature solubility. Compared with benzalkonium chloride, BTAE-n and PTAE-n have better foam stability. Their foaming performance decreases with the increase of carbon number of alkyl chain, while the emulsification performance increases. The results of contact angle measurement show that the wetting ability of BTAE-n is better than that of PTAE-n. According to the evaluation results of bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties, BTAE-n and PTAE-n show effective bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against gram-positive bacteria （Staphylococcus aureus）, gram-negative bacteria （Escherichia coli） and fungi （Candida albicans）, and the effectiveness of tetra-headgroup quaternary ammonium salts is better than that of bi-headgroup quaternary ammonium salts with the same carbon chain. For the surfactants of the same type, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects are better with the increase of carbon chain length. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and UV absorption capacity of nano-zinc oxides Tan Wenbo,Meng Yanqiang 2023, 53 (8):  908-914.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.007 Abstract ( 174 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2047KB) ( 266 )   In this paper, nano ZnO with different photoresponsive capacities were successfully synthesized by three different methods: polyacrylamide gel method （PGM）, gamma ray irradiation-assisted polyacrylamide gel method （GRIAPGM） and carbon particle assisted polyacrylamide gel method （CPAPGM）. The ZnO sunscreens synthesized by PGM and GRIAPGM are pure hexagonal ZnO with space group P63mc （186）. However, the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by CPAPGM contains not only hexagonal ZnO but also a small amount of carbon diffraction peak. The average grain size of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by PGM, GRIAPGM and CPAPGM are 23.86, 22.73 and 26.47 nm, respectively, and the optical band gap （Eg） values are 3.15, 3.18 and 3.01 eV, respectively. The Eg value of ZnO nanoparticles decreases with the increase of grain size. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by CPAPGM have the widest photoresponse, which can respond to visible light due to the presence of carbon-related impurities. However, the particles of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by GRIAPGM are small and spherical, and the particle size is uniform. It has the highest UV optical absorption coefficient, which can be potentially applied in the field of ultraviolet shielding materials. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Research progress on the properties of foam systems containing wormlike micelles Niu Qiqi,Lv Qichao,Dong Zhaoxia,Zhang Fengfan,Wang Hongbo 2023, 53 (8):  915-924.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.008 Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (2746KB) ( 199 )   The solution structure of surfactants can directly affect their performance such as foaming, emulsification, and wetting. In recent years, wormlike micelles have been widely used in oilfield development, personal care products, nano materials and other fields due to their excellent rheological properties. The introduction of wormlike micelles can better control the foam performance. In this review, the types and basic properties of surfactants were described. The construction methods of wormlike micelles were discussed, and the stabilization mechanism for foams stabilized with wormlike micelles was summarized. Finally, the formation of enhanced wormlike micelles was focused on, such as the systems of polymer-wormlike micelles and nanoparticle-wormlike micelles. Some suggestions were put forward for the development of the foams that were synergistically stabilized with nanoparticles and wormlike micelles. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on detection methods of surfactants in water samples from environment Wang Jiarui,Wei Xiaocheng,Zhang Chunxue,Chen Peizhen,Zheng Xiangqun,Wang Qiang 2023, 53 (8):  925-934.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.009 Abstract ( 94 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1030KB) ( 95 )   Surfactants have been widely used in detergents, emulsifiers and other daily chemicals, however, surfactants could cause risks to the ecological environment and human health when discharged with domestic sewage into the water environment if the surfactant concentration were too high. Therefore, it is important to monitor and quantify the surfactants in water environment. Due to the diversity in types and structures of surfactants present in the water environment, as well as the presence of matrix interference, pretreatment such as purification and enrichment is needed and should be combined with accurate instrumental analysis, thus to achieve effective identification and quantification. Herein, the commonly used pretreatment technology for water samples containing surfactants has been reviewed, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid phase micro extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, as well as the analysis methods including two-phase titration, electrochemical analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, etc. By sorting out the applicable condition, range, and advantages and disadvantages of each method, it is suggested that the selection of pretreatment and detection method depends on the characteristics and concentration of surfactants. It is pointed out that, the technology of on-line extraction and enrichment, the automation and the portable on-site rapid real-time detection are the focuses of future research on surfactant detection. This paper could provide a reference basis for the monitoring and assessment of surfactants in water environment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the management system of sunscreen products in Japan and the inspiration for China He Huan,Sun Lei,Wen Xuehua,Jiang Yaxue,Liu Min,Feng Keran 2023, 53 (8):  935-944.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.010 Abstract ( 133 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 163 )   The cosmetics products in China are classified and managed according to the category of cosmetics and quasi-drugs in Japan, of which sunscreen products are a very representative category. By analyzing the laws, regulations and literature of cosmetics and quasi-drugs in Japan, the technical requirements and regulatory requirements of product classification, testing methods, raw material management, product filing and approval system and labeling management were studied and summarized. Combined with the actual situation of cosmetic regulation in China, the regulatory requirements and management status of the two countries are compared and analyzed. In the current situation where the cosmetics industry is booming and the regulatory regulations are gradually improving, this study provides a reference for the regulation of cosmetics in China in order to promote the high-quality development of the cosmetics industry. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the adsorption of triclosan in aqueous solution An Rui,Zhao Qing 2023, 53 (8):  945-953.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.011 Abstract ( 84 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1076KB) ( 129 )   As an antibacterial agent, triclosan （TCS） has been widely used in medicine and personal care products, and has become a ubiquitous pollutant in the water environment. Because it has biological accumulation, endocrine interference effect, reproductive toxicity and other hazards, and has been proved to be the precursor of some more toxic substances, the harmless treatment of TCS in water has attracted wide attention. The adsorption treatment method has the advantages of simplicity, green and high efficiency. The adsorption effects of different types of adsorbents on TCS were summarized, the possible effects of some parameters of water on the adsorption process were analyzed, and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were discussed. Finally, the research direction of TCS adsorption treatment was prospected. In general, the development and application of green, low-cost and renewable adsorbents is an important research direction. The modification and compounding of adsorbents are effective ways to improve the adsorption effect. In order to better apply to the treatment of TCS in the actual environment, the adsorption mechanism of TCS and the influence mechanism of environmental factors need to be further studied. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on cosmetic packaging design strategy from the perspective of experience economy Dai Chaonan,Zhuang Dehong,Wan Qing 2023, 53 (8):  954-962.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.012 Abstract ( 206 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2183KB) ( 131 )   Based on the background of experience economy, guided by the upgrading of consumption mode and the transformation of consumer demand, this paper explores the development direction of cosmetic packaging under the influence of experience demand. It analyzes the migration of consumer demand under the radiation of the experience economy and the advantages and disadvantages of cosmetic packaging, collaborates with different dimensions of user experience to establish a mapping relationship between experience and demand, and thus constructs a cosmetic packaging experience model. It also explores the demand attributes of cosmetic packaging through the export of different experiential needs. Based on the level of experience and consumer needs, a cosmetic packaging experience model is constructed, which is interrelated from five aspects: multi sensory, interactive, functional, user co creation, and intrinsic factors. Finally, a design strategy is proposed to provide direction for the development of cosmetic packaging design. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Study of different forms of fluoride in toothpaste by solid state NMR Zhou Lei,Cao Dongxia,Li Jiahong,Su Nafeng,Li Wenhui 2023, 53 (8):  963-967.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.013 Abstract ( 116 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1343KB) ( 81 )   Different forms of fluoride in 38 fluoride toothpaste samples were determined by 19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance （19F SS-NMR）. The results show that the matching stability of different friction agents and fluoride is quite different. The soluble and free types are the main forms of fluoride in hydrated silica toothpaste, but newly generated insoluble solid calcium fluoride signal is observed in some calcium carbonate-based toothpastes. In addition to the influence of friction agents, in some toothpastes with functional ingredients such as hydroxyapatite, the formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is also observed. The formation of insoluble fluoride will reduce the amount of available fluoride in toothpaste. 19F SS-NMR has the characteristics of simple pretreatment, strong specificity and high sensitivity. It can quickly analyze the morphology of fluoride in fluoride toothpaste, and provide technical support for toothpaste formulation development and quality improvement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simultaneous determination of 11 components in Danzhi Fangshaishuang SFP50 by HPLC Feng Li,Zou Baisong 2023, 53 (8):  968-975.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.014 Abstract ( 95 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1187KB) ( 213 )   A high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was established to simultaneously detect the contents of 11 components in Danzhi Fangshaishuang SFP50, and the feasibility and accuracy of the established method were verified. Baicalin was used as the reference substance and acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid was used as the mobile phase, with the detecting wavelength of 205 nm and 280 nm. The contents of madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, asiatic acid, polydatin, resveratrol, baicalin, wogonoside, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin in 12 batches of Danzhi Fangshaishuang SFP50 were determined by external standard method and HPLC-quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker （QAMS） method, respectively, and the difference between the results from the two methods was compared to verify the serviceability of HPLC-QAMS method. The results show that the linear ranges of the 11 components are good, and the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.999. The average recoveries of 11 components are 96.90%-100.16%, and RSD is less than 2.0%. There is no statistical significance of 11 components in Danzhi Fangshaishuang SFP50 determined by external standard method and HPLC-QAMS method （P>0.05）. The relative correlation factors established with baicalin as the internal reference substance have good reproducibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of asiaticoside and madecassoside in Centella asiatica （L.） Urban by HPLC-ELSD Wang Hongdan,Xu Weichang,Wang Yuan,Kong Xiangwen,Sun Lijuan 2023, 53 (8):  976-980.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.015 Abstract ( 112 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1258KB) ( 111 )   Centella asiatica （L.） Urban extract is usually used as a cosmetic raw material, which has whitening, antioxidant and other effects. The main substances to play this effect are asiaticoside and madecassoside. In this paper, a high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection （HPLC-ELSD） technique was used to determine the content of asiaticoside and madecassoside in Centella asiatica （L.） Urban. Unitary C18 column （4.6×250 mm, 5 μm） with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase was used for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Column temperature was 30 ℃. Agilent 1260 Infinity Ⅱ detector （drift tube temperature was 70 ℃） was used for column elution with the carrier gas flow rate at 1.6 L/min. The results show that the concentrations of asiaticoside and madecassoside are 100-702 mg/L and 105-738 mg/L, respectively. The linear relationship between peak area and concentration is good, and the correlation coefficients are 0.999 6 and 0.999 7, respectively. The average recoveries of asiaticoside and madecassoside are 101.20% and 98.30%, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSD） are all within 3%. The method is simple, accurate, effective and less interference, and can be used for the determination of asiaticoside and madecassoside in Centella asiatica （L.） Urban. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of eight organic acids such as lactobionic acid in cosmetics by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Zhang Xin,Huo Yongli 2023, 53 (8):  981-988.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2023.08.016 Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1495KB) ( 138 )   The study aims to establish a method for the determination of eight organic acids in cosmetics, including lactobionic acid, L-lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, DL-mandelic acid, ferulic acid, azelaic acid and lipoic acid, by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. The chromatographic column was Waters ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 column （1.8 μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm） with methanol-water （volume ratio 50∶50） as the extraction solution and ammonium acetate （pH=2.6） -water-acetonitrile as the mobile phases. The flow rate is 0.35 mL/min and the column temperature is 35 ℃. The electrospray ion （ESI） source, negative ions scanning method and multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode are used to determine the content. There are good linear relationships （R2≥0.99） and the peak area of the eight organic acids are 2.52-10.10, 4.54-18.16, 2.82-15.30, 2.30-9.22, 2.41-9.63, 2.27-9.08, 2.33-9.33, and 2.16-8.65 μg/mL, respectively. Their minimum limits of quantitation （LOQ） are as low as 0.003 μg/g. The RSDs of precision, stability and repeatability tests are all less than 7.79%. The recoveries of high, medium and low concentrations range from 86.52% to 119.98%, with RSD ranging from 0.55% to 4.74%. The method has high accuracy, good repeatability and fast speed, and is suitable for the simultaneous determination of eight organic acids in cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics