洗衣废水影响纳米银团聚及溶解行为的关键因素研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2024.07.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

纳米银因卓越的抗菌性能被广泛用于纺织品生产中。然而，在纺织品洗涤过程中，大量的纳米银会释放并进入到洗衣废水中。不同的洗涤条件决定了释放出的纳米银的团聚及溶解行为，进而影响后续环境过程并对水生生物及生态系统产生负面影响。为探究不同洗涤条件对纳米银团聚及溶解行为的具体影响，降低纳米银所带来的环境风险，文章归纳了国内外相关研究文献，在分析洗衣废水特点的基础上，讨论了废水中洗涤剂种类、光照、pH值、离子强度等条件对纳米银团聚及溶解行为的单独或联合作用与影响机理，并根据机理提出了减小纳米银生物毒性的建议，包括减少洗涤过程中纳米银的释放及洗衣废水处理方法的改善，最后对洗衣废水中纳米银未来的研究方向进行展望，提出了后续研究建议。

关键词: 洗衣废水, 纳米银, 团聚, 溶解, 机理

Abstract:

Silver nanoparticles have been widely used in textiles because of excellent antibacterial properties to inhibit the growth of bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms. However, the massive use of silver nanoparticles can also cause harm to the ecological environment. During the textile washing process, a large amount of silver nanoparticles will be released and enter the laundry wastewater. The washing conditions, including detergents, light, pH, and ionic strength, can affect the aggregation and dissolution behavior of silver nanoparticles, thereby affecting subsequent environmental processes and negatively affecting aquatic organisms and ecosystems. In this review, relevant domestic and foreign research literature were summarized to explore the effects of different washing conditions on the aggregation and dissolution behavior of silver nanoparticles, and to reduce the environmental risks brought by silver nanoparticles. The characteristics of laundry wastewater were summarized. Based on the characteristics of water quality, the influences of different washing conditions on the aggregation and dissolution behavior of silver nanoparticles in laundry wastewater were summarized. The single or combined effects and mechanisms of detergent types, light, pH, ionic strength and other washing conditions in laundry wastewater on the aggregation and dissolution behavior of silver nanoparticles were discussed. According to the mechanism, some suggestions were put forward to reduce the biological toxicity of silver nanoparticles, including reducing the release of silver nanoparticles during washing, and optimizing the treatment of laundry wastewater. Finally, the future research direction of silver nanoparticles in laundry wastewater was prospected, and the follow-up research suggestions were put forward. This review could provide a reference for further research on the migration and transformation of silver nanoparticles in laundry wastewater or other polluted water bodies, and also provide a way to reduce the release of silver nanoparticles in the washing process and control the pollution caused by silver nanoparticles.

Key words: laundry wastewater, nano-silver, aggregation, dissolution, mechanism

中图分类号:

TQ649

谷秀君, 罗萍, 蔡承建, 杨德军, 蒋家超, 杨靖. 洗衣废水影响纳米银团聚及溶解行为的关键因素研究进展[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2024, 54(7): 844-852.

Xiujun Gu, Ping Luo, Chengjian Cai, Dejun Yang, Jiachao Jiang, Jing Yang. Aggregation and dissolution behavior of silver nanoparticles in laundry wastewater: A review[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2024, 54(7): 844-852.

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指标	质量浓度（除pH值外，单位均为mg/L）	参考文献
pH	7~12	[21?-23]
LAS	12.24~1 023.7	[17]
Ca²⁺	6.62~24.8	[20,21,24,25]
Mg²⁺	2.14~12.64	[20,21,24,25]
K⁺	1.63~7.4	[21,24]
Na⁺	2.49~145	[21,24]
Cl^-	23.8~3 290	[18,20,21,24,26]
PO₄^3-	0.009~332	[18?-20,26]
SO₄^2-	0.7~595	[18,20,21,24]

洗涤条件	AgNPs的团聚和/或溶解行为	参考文献
表面活性剂	当表面活性剂的浓度足以使AgNPs的Zeta电位绝对值<20 mV时，AgNPs将发生团聚；反之AgNPs则保持在稳定状态，不产生团聚	[12,16]
氧化剂	加速AgNPs的氧化，促进其溶解	[27,28]
光照	使化学结合在纺织品上的AgNPs更加稳定，减缓AgNPs溶解；可将已溶解的银离子还原为不易溶解的、较好的结晶AgNPs，使其附在织物上，从而降低总银的释放量	[29,30]
pH值	对于Citrate-AgNPs，高pH值会使Citrate-AgNPs保持在分散状态，不产生团聚；对于空间位阻稳定的PVP-AgNPs，碱性条件可能对PVP-AgNPs的团聚粒径并无影响；对于静电斥力和空间位阻共同稳定的BPEI-AgNPs，高pH值会使BPEI-AgNPs发生团聚	[15,31]
无机阳离子	可以与Citrate-AgNPs表面的羧基络合，屏蔽表面电荷，削弱颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-界面排斥静电力，致使AgNPs团聚，粒径增加	[32]
无机阴离子	当Cl/Ag比值≤535时，Citrate-AgNPs团聚增强；当Cl/Ag比值<2 675时，AgNPs的溶解受到抑制；当Cl/Ag比值≥2 675时，AgCl_x ^（^x-^1）^-等的生成会进一步促进AgNPs的溶解； PO₄^3-可以取代柠檬酸盐涂层并通过其氧原子与AgNPs表面结合，从而产生磷酸盐包覆的AgNPs （（20±0.2） nm），它比Citrate-AgNPs（（24.5±0.1） nm）更稳定，粒径更小； SO₄^2-会引起硫酸盐还原的AgNPs的团聚	[13,33? -35]

表面活性剂类型	表面活性剂浓度	AgNPs的Zeta电位/mV	AgNPs 状态
阴离子表面活性剂LAS	0.1 mmol/L	-70±2	分散
阴离子表面活性剂LAS	5 mmol/L	-72±2	分散
阳离子表面活性剂DTAC	0.1 mmol/L	-22±1	分散
阳离子表面活性剂DTAC	5 mmol/L	37±1	分散
非离子表面活性剂Berol	5 μmol/L	-56±1	分散
非离子表面活性剂Berol	5 mmol/L	-7±0.2	团聚

无机阳离子	临界聚集浓度/ （mmol/L）	参考文献
Ca²⁺	1.6~5	[32,43]
Mg²⁺	2.7	[32]
Na⁺	48~150	[43]