Table of Content

22 July 2026, Volume 56 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Lecture of science and technology

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Viscoelastic surfactants (VII) CO2-responsive wormlike micelles Yujun Feng 2026, 56 (7):  833-840.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.001 Abstract ( 1491 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (9099KB) ( 65 )   Stimuli-responsive wormlike micelles（WLMs）represent a frontier in viscoelastic surfactant research, enabling on-demand modulation of rheological properties. Among various triggers, CO2 has emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional pH regulation due to its ready availability, environmental benignity, and reversible removal without salt accumulation. This review systematically addresses CO2-responsive WLMs, focusing on molecular design principles, assembly mechanisms, and rheological characteristics. The response behaviour hinges on the reversible protonation of organobases—primarily tertiary amines—upon CO2 sparging, which generates cationic or pseudo-gemini surfactants that self-assemble into entangled networks. Conversely, CO2 removal by inert gas purging or mild heating reverses the protonation, dismantling the micellar network and restoring low viscosity. Three prototypical systems are delineated:（i）binary mixtures of anionic surfactants with amine-based hydrotropes, which form CO2-switchable pseudo-gemini species through electrostatic linkages;（ii）single-component long-chain polyamines, where CO2 induces a vesicle-to-wormlike transition via mixed protonated species and bicarbonate counterions, a pathway unattainable by simple acid titration; and（iii）ultra-long-chain tertiary amine surfactants, which enable reversible sol-gel transitions at ambient conditions using only CO2 and air. Notably, CO2 can also destroy pre-formed anionic WLMs by converting carboxylate headgroups into neutral acid forms, thereby reducing viscosity—a distinct “turn-off” mechanism. In summary, these systems exhibit robust cyclability, precise rheological switching, and structure-property correlations governed by molecular packing parameters and counterion effects. The findings underscore the critical role of protonation pathways and ionic speciation in dictating WLM formation, offering a versatile platform for applications in oilfield chemistry, drug delivery, and smart materials. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Basic research

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Investigating the impact of propylene oxide and 1, 2-butylene oxide on the structure-activity relationship offatty alcohol ethers Hongyang Wang, Huibin Liang, Chunyu Wang, Ke Zhang, Jingjie Zhou, Tao Geng 2026, 56 (7):  841-852.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.002 Abstract ( 1091 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2572KB) ( 57 )   This study aimed to elucidate the impact of propylene oxide（PO）and 1, 2-butylene oxide（BO）incorporation on the properties of AEO7 surfactant. A comparative investigation was conducted on the salt tolerance, alkali resistance, foaming, emulsification, wetting ability, cloud point, pour point, and detergency of the pristine and modified surfactants. The results demonstrated that the introduction of PO or BO groups generally compromised the alkali resistance of AEO7, with BO exerting a more detrimental effect. Modification also altered salt tolerance, and BO incorporation notably reduced water solubility and salt tolerance. Both PO and BO significantly accelerated defoaming kinetics, with BO-modified variants exhibiting superior performance. Emulsifyingability was markedly enhanced due to improved compatibility between the surfactant hydrophobic tail and the oil phase. Wetting performance was also improved, particularly in BO-modified samples. Furthermore, the incorporation of PO/BO led to a distinct reduction in both cloud point and pour point, which showed a clear correlation with the type and extent of hydrophobic modification. Regarding detergency, PO modification improved the removal of sebum soil, whereas BO incorporation reduced the cleaning efficiency for both carbon black and sebum soils. This work provides fundamental experimental evidence and theoretical insights for the targeted molecular design and performance optimization of alkoxylated surfactants. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and performance study of PBS-TME/PLA composite materials based on molecular dynamics simulation Yuying Han, Lijun Chen, Changwei Li, Jiaxuan Han, Yinghui Ren 2026, 56 (7):  853-863.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.003 Abstract ( 1368 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (6827KB) ( 42 )   Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the compatibility and mechanical properties of PBS-TME/PLA composites. On this basis, seven PBS-TME/PLA composites with different mixing ratios were prepared. The structural morphology of the composites was characterized by using XRD and XPS methods, and their mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, water vapor transmission rate（WVTR）, degradation rate, and plant growth were investigated. The results of molecular dynamics simulations indicated that PBS-TME exhibited good compatibility with PLA. When PLA was blended with PBS-TME, the crystallization ability of PBS-TME was weakened. Therefore, the crystallization ability of PBS-TME/PLA composite materials was decreased and the degradation rate was increased. When the mass ratio of PBS-TME to PLA was 8∶2, the compatibility of the material was the best, the crystallinity was 25.39%, and the comprehensive mechanical properties were the best（with tensile strength of 15.78 MPa and elongation at break of 19.56%）. With the increase of PBS-TME content, the hydrogen bonding between molecules made water molecules easier to enter the interior of the material, and at the mass ratio of PBS-TME∶PLA of 8∶2, the water contact angle was the smallest（72.6°）and the permeability of water molecules was the largest（WVTR was 63.12 g/（m2·d））. Moreover, at the mass ratio of PBS-TME∶PLA of 8∶2, the material exhibited the highest degradation both in soil supernatant and by enzymatic degradation. This composite material allowed sufficient supply of carbon sources and water molecules for plant growth, resulting in the increased chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, peroxidase activity, and vitamin C content in green vegetables. This work might expand the application of biodegradable materials in practical fields. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the preparation of Fe3O4 micro-nano functional materials by solvothermal method and the removal of Cr（VI）pollutants Siqi Wang, Xinyu Li 2026, 56 (7):  864-872.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.004 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (5921KB) ( 35 )   Ag-Fe3O4 functional nanomaterials were prepared by solvothermal method using AgNO3 as raw material. The crystal structure, microstructure, spectral properties and pore characteristics of Ag-Fe3O4 nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-vis, FTIR and nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests. Their adsorption performance for Cr（VI）in wastewater under different conditions was simulated. The results showed that the Ag-Fe3O4 nanomaterials prepared by solvothermal method hadanti-spinel structure and exhibitedhigh crystallinity. Ag had been successfully chemically loaded onto the surface of Fe3O4 through the interfacial Ag-O-Fe bonds, and the morphology was rough spherical particles. The sample loaded with 3% Ag exhibited the narrowest band gap of 2.77 eV and the longest absorption edge of 446 nm, with a maximum of specific surface area of 588.6 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.418 cm3/g. The loading of Ag significantly enhanced the performance of Fe3O4 nanomaterials for adsorbing Cr（VI）in wastewater. The sample containing 3% Ag achieved a Cr（VI）removal as high as 96.99% within 240 min, indicative of the most outstanding removal effect. With the increase of the dosage of functional nanomaterials, the adsorption effect was enhanced. The adsorption effect of the sample containing 3% Ag reached the maximum value of 99.24% at pH of 1, and theremoval of Cr（VI）could still maintain over 85% after 5 cycles, indicative of excellent cycling stability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and properties of a quaternary ammonium salt as cationic antistatic agent for cotton knitted fabrics Haiting Chen, Meiyuan Fu 2026, 56 (7):  873-881.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.005 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (6876KB) ( 41 )   A new cationic antistatic agent of quaternary ammonium type, 2C18GeQS, was synthesized by two-step reaction using 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine, long-chain fatty acids and 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-dihydroxymethylpropane as raw materials. Its structure was characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR, which confirmed that the target product was successfully prepared. Then cotton knitted fabrics were treated with this antistatic agent by impregnation method. The effects of antistatic agent mass concentration, impregnation time and baking temperature on the antistatic performance of cotton knitted fabrics were systematically studied. The results showed that when the antistatic agent mass concentration was 1.5 g /L, the impregnation time was 40 min, and the baking temperature was 170 ℃, the static voltage half-life of the treated cotton knitted fabric significantly decreased from 61.62 s to 11.33 s, and the peak static voltage dropped from 1 516 V to 719 V, indicative of excellent antistatic performance. In addition, this antistatic agent also endowed cotton knitted fabrics with excellent antibacterial properties, with antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reaching 99.98% and 99.45% respectively. The wash resistance test showed that after 50 standard water washes, the cotton knitted fabric still maintained antibacterial rates of 81.32% against Escherichia coli and 53.34% against Staphylococcus aureus. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and photocatalytic properties of pitch-based activated carbon supported polyaniline/carbon nitride materials Qi Liu, Xiaogang Wei, Chaopeng Li 2026, 56 (7):  882-892.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.006 Abstract ( 32 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (3097KB) ( 33 )   To address the environmental pollution caused by the azo dye Congo red（CR）, a pitch-based activated carbon-supported polyaniline/carbon nitride（PANI/CN@AC）composite was prepared via heterojunction construction and morphological control strategies. Subsequently, detailed morphological, crystalline, and photoelectrochemical characterizations were performed. The photocatalytic degradation performance and recycling performance of the PANI/CN@AC composites were evaluated. Furthermore, their charge transfer mechanism and photocatalytic mechanisms were analyzed based on the photoelectrochemical data, active species trapping experiments, and energy band structures. The results show that the semiconductor material CN and the conductive polymer PANI are in close contact, forming a heterojunction, which facilitates efficient separation of photogenerated carriers and broadens the absorption range in the visible-light spectrum. The AC support effectively improves the specific surface area and adsorption performance. Consequently, the PANI/CN@AC composite exhibits excellent photocatalytic and recycling performance. The degradation efficiency of CR under simulated visible-light（λ>420 nm）irradiation reaches 98.97%, and remains at 98.71% after 5 cycles. Mechanistic insights reveal that the conduction band position photoelectron of PANI reduces O2 to superoxide radicals（·O2-）, whereby CR is oxidized and decomposed under the action of active species such as ·O2- and holes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and evaluation of a ROS-responsive baicalin-hyaluronic acid “defense-repair” synergistic hydrogel dressing for photoaging-preventing Jiabao Liu, Xiaolan Chen, Wenyuan Chen, Zhanzhi Wang 2026, 56 (7):  893-901.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.007 Abstract ( 44 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (3638KB) ( 47 )   In this study, a ROS-responsive wogonin-loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel dressing（HA-WOG）was prepared, and its formulation and preparation process were optimized. Orthogonal tests were conducted to investigate the effects of the mass fraction of oxidized hyaluronic acid（OHA）and the dosage of crosslinker adipic acid dihydrazide（ADH）on the forming performance of hydrogels. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）were employed to characterize the material structure, and its drug release behavior, drug stability and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The results show that HA-WOG is pale yellow, transparent and elastic, featuring a stable three-dimensional network structure constructed via Schiff base reaction. In vitro release experiments demonstrate its outstanding ROS-responsive drug release property. The cumulative drug release rate reaches 89.99% under a 2% H2O2 oxidative environment, which is markedly higher than 53.26% of the PBS control group. Hydrogel encapsulation extremely significantly improves the stability of wogonin（WOG）（P < 0.001）. The free radical scavenging capacity of HA-WOG against DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals exhibits favorable concentration- and time-dependent manner. This hydrogel possesses high swelling capacity, ROS-triggered controllable drug release and excellent antioxidant activity, which has promising application prospects in the repair of photoaged skin. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and performance study of 10-HDA supramolecular microcapsules Bei Su, Yapei Jiao, Qian Wang, Hui Liu, Hui Zhang, Fei Liu 2026, 56 (7):  902-909.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.008 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (5168KB) ( 48 )   To address the poor solubility of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid（10-HDA）in practical applications, this study combined supramolecular technology with microcapsule encapsulation technology to prepare a 10-HDA supramolecular microcapsule with a high loading capacity. Composed of 10-HDA, matrine, sodium hyaluronate, and gum arabic, the optimized microcapsule achieves a maximum 10-HDA loading capacity of 20.5%. A variety of characterization methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy（FT-IR）, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance（1H NMR）, Nanoparticle Size and Zeta Potential Analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy（TEM）, and Scanning Electron Microscopy（SEM）, were used to systematically characterize the formed supramolecular structure and morphology of the microcapsule. Additionally, the stability, permeability, and anti-aging efficacy of the prepared 10-HDA supramolecular microcapsule were conducted. The results show that the 10-HDA supramolecular microcapsule exhibits a well-defined, spherical core-shell morphology with a narrow size distribution. The microcapsules present an average particle size of（653.19 ± 2.0）nm, a polydispersity index（PDI）of 0.408, and a Zeta potential of -14.93 mV, indicating good stability. Moreover, the microencapsulation significantly improves the skin permeability of 10-HDA and shows superior efficacy in promoting the synthesis of type I collagen and elastin. This study lays an important theoretical and practical foundation for the broader application of 10-HDA in the cosmetics field. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sequential four-enzyme hydrolysis of Cordyceps militaris polypeptides: Antioxidant protection via Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in UVB-Irradiated HaCaT cells Lei Pan, Meiling He, Ran Liu, Jingdi Lv 2026, 56 (7):  910-918.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.009 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2050KB) ( 46 )   This study aimed to optimize the enzymatic preparation of Cordyceps militaris polypeptides and to elucidate their antioxidant activities and underlying mechanisms. The residual biomass of Cordyceps militaris after cordycepin extraction was ustilized as the raw materials. Cordyceps militaris protein was extracted via alkali extraction-acid precipitation method, followed by the optimization of a multi-enzyme hydrolysis process to produce Cordyceps militaris polypeptides. The scavenging capacities of Cordyceps militaris polypeptides and crude protein against DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH free radicals were determined at different mass concentrations（0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/mL）. In addition, HaCaT cells were pretreated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL of Cordyceps militaris polypeptides for 24 h, followed by UVB irradiation. At 24 h post-UVB irradiation, cell viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay; intracellular reactive oxygen species（ROS）levels were measured using the DCFH-DA fluorescent probe method; and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, as well as the cellular content of MDA were detected according to the kit instructions. The activity of the intracellular Nrf2/Keap1 pathway was determined by Western blot. The results show that the degree of hydrolysis of Cordyceps militaris hydrolyzed by the sequential combination of snail enzyme + pepsin + papain + alkaline protease is 84.25%±6.15%, which is identified as the optimal enzyme combination. The IC50 values of Cordyceps militaris polypeptides for DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH free radicals are 1.67, 3.02 and 1.49 mg/mL, respectively. Compared with the model group（M）, pretreatment with low-, medium-, and high-dose Cordyceps militaris polypeptide groups（CMP-L/M/H）and the vitamin C（VC）group significantly increase relative cell viability, decrease relative ROS fluorescence intensity, enhance the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and reduce MDA content, while upregulating nuclear Nrf2 protein levels and downregulating Keap1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner（P<0.05）. In conclusion, the optimized four-enzyme sequential hydrolysis process developed in this study can efficiently produce Cordyceps militaris polypeptides, which can alleviate UVB-induced oxidative damage in HaCaT cells by directly scavenging free radicals and activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway to enhance endogenous antioxidant defenses. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the performance of a low-irritation cleaning composition with reducing the irritancy of sodium laureth sulfate Mingcheng Wu, Jing Li, Lishi Wu, Huaitong Xie, Xuedong Shi, Panfeng Zhou 2026, 56 (7):  919-924.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.010 Abstract ( 81 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1976KB) ( 49 )   Focusing on sodium laureth sulfate（AES）, the irritancy of the AES complex system was studied using red blood cell hemolysis test, zein test, and chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane test. The results show that sodium hydroxypropyl sulfonate glucoside cross-linked polymer（HLC）, disodium cocoyl glutamate（UCS）, and PEG-80 sorbitan laurate（Tween 28）significantly mitigated the irritancy of AES. The results of dynamic light scattering orthogonal experiment analysis show that the most influential factor is HLC, followed by Tween 28, with UCS having the least impact, with the corresponding optimal combination of being 4% HLC, 4% Tween 28, and 4% UCS. The orthogonal analysis of foam height shows that the most influential factors are Tween 28 and UCS, while HLC has the least influence, yielding an optimal combination of 4% HLC, 2% Tween 28, and 1% UCS. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the value of k in the orthogonal tests, the comprehensive optimal AES complex system is determined to be 4% HLC, 4% Tween 28 and 1% UCS. This combination increases the micelle size through the synergistic effect of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion, thereby reducing the irritation of the AES complex system, while maintaining abundant foam, effectively balancing the contradiction between system mildness, cleansing performance, and foaming capability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Innovative application of amino acid surfactants in bath oil systems Yunian Huang, Qi Wen, Bingqing Yu, Yao Qin, Tingzhi Zhang, Jingru Qian 2026, 56 (7):  925-934.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.011 Abstract ( 77 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (6823KB) ( 59 )   Amino acid surfactants（AAS）have attracted considerable attention due to their low irritation and excellent foaming properties. However, the poor solubility of AAS in oily systems limits their extensive application in bath oils, so currently conventional sulfate-based surfactants remain dominant in bath oil formulations. In this work, caprylic/capric triglyceride（GTCC）was used as the oil phase and laureth-4（LE-4）was used as the emulsifier. Ten AAS were selected as candidates of the key component in bath oil, which were then screened by transparency test combined with pseudo-ternary phase diagram. It was confirmed that sodium lauroyl methylaminopropionate（SLMA）exhibited the best compatibility with the system, featuring a broad region of transparent liquid in the phase diagram and good formulation applicability. Thus it provided a basis for subsequent formulation optimization. The mass ratio of GTCC∶LE-4∶SLMA was optimized to further improve the overall performance of the bath oil, which was determined to be 4∶3∶3 according to the foaming performance test and protein damage assay. At this ratio, the product achieved the foam volume of 127.3 mL, foam half-life of 677.5 s, and protein damage value as low as 0.729 1 g/L, indicative of excellent foaming performance and mildness. Compared with the traditional sulfate system, the SLMA-based system showed better performance in foaming, mildness, and moisturization while maintaining comparable cleansing ability. These advantages could be clearly perceived in consumer testing. In addition, the system exhibited excellent stability in centrifugation and multi-temperature storage tests. Human skin patch test confirmed no skin irritation, indicative of good safety. This work innovatively applied AAS to transparent oily systems for the first time, which provided a new strategy for the development of high-end bath oils with promising industrialization prospects. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on enzymatic hydrolysis-ethanol assisted extraction of flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. pomace and their photodamage repair activity Bo Yu, Jinling Wang, Yajuan Lv, Yanhong Li 2026, 56 (7):  935-942.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.012 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2851KB) ( 53 )   This study aimed to address the bottleneck in the resource utilization of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. pomace, optimize the extraction process, and investigate their antioxidant protective effects on HaCaT cells damaged by UVB irradiation. A “defatting-composite enzymatic hydrolysis-ultrasound synergistic” technique was adopted: After defatting Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. pomace with petroleum ether, a mixture of 2.5% pectinase and 2.5% cellulase was used to break the cell walls. Combined with 55% ethanol（containing 0.1 mol/L citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, liquid-to-solid ratio of 30∶1 mL/g）, flavonoids were extracted under ultrasonic conditions of 300 W, for 50 min, and at 50 ℃. A HaCaT cell model damaged by 150 mJ/cm2 UVB was established, including a blank group（C）, a model group（UVB）, and Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. flavonoid low/middle/high dose groups（HRF-L/M/H, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL, respectively）. After treatment with Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. flavonoids, cell viability and proliferation were detected by MTT and EdU assays, and the activities of catalase（CAT）, superoxide dismutase（SOD）, and glutathione peroxidase（GPX）, as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species（ROS）and malondialdehyde（MDA）were analyzed using commercial kits. The extraction yield of flavonoids after process optimization in this study is（9.92±0.44）mg/g, which is higher than those reported in previous literatures. Compared with the C group, the cell viability and EdU positive rate in the UVB group decrease, the activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX decrease, and the levels of ROS and MDA increase（P<0.05）. Compared with the UVB group, the cell viability and EdU positive rate in the HRF-L/M/H groups increase, the activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX increase, and the levels of ROS and MDA decrease（P<0.05）. This study demonstrates that the composite enzymatic hydrolysis-ultrasound synergistic method can achieve efficient extraction of flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. pomace. Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. flavonoids alleviate UVB-induced damage to HaCaT cells by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, scavenging ROS, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This study provides theoretical support for the resource utilization of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. pomace and the development of natural antioxidants. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Advances and prospects of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs Guoyan Ma, Yaru Zhang, Yanzhe Yang, Weibo Wang, Zhuanying Zhan 2026, 56 (7):  943-951.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.013 Abstract ( 709 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (3669KB) ( 52 )   The complex microscopic pore structure and strong heterogeneity of low-permeability reservoirs pose severe challenges to the effectiveness and long-term stable production of in-depth profile control technology. Based on the analysis of issues such as water channeling mechanisms and the compatibility between profile control agents and reservoirs, the mechanisms and research progress of three major in-depth profile control technologies were reviewed, including polymer gels, preformed particle gels（PPG）, and polymer microspheres. Specifically, the molecular design principles of polymer gels for achieving deep plugging through controllable crosslinking were summarized; the dynamic “migration-plugging-remigration” profile control mechanism of PPG based on elastic deformation was analyzed; and the unique advantages of polymer microspheres in in-depth fluid diversion through size matching and elastic properties were discussed. Finally, it was proposed that future research should focus on the development of intelligent responsive profile control materials, the synergistic optimization of in-depth profile control materials and injection processes, and the quantitative analysis of elastic action mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical support for the efficient and intelligent development of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of the application of surfactants in flotation of soluble potassium salts Wenli Zhao, Yuxin Feng, Jiangling Tang, Hongwei Ren, Jing Yang, Yuanyuan Jia, Yanfei Wang 2026, 56 (7):  952-959.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.014 Abstract ( 944 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1693KB) ( 34 )   With the increasing depletion of global potassium resources, the innovation of flotation reagents has become more and more crucial for enhancing the recovery and grade of soluble potassium salts. In this review, the current application of flotation technologies in production processes of potassium chloride was focused on, including “reverse-flotation-cold-crystallization” and “cold-decomposition-direct-flotation”, as well as those flotation technologiesused in the conversion process of picromeriteforpotassium sulfate production. The advantages and disadvantages of surfactants used as collectors, frothers, and modifiers, as well as their control conditions, were systematically summarized. The impacts and mechanisms of insoluble sludge, slurry pH, ion specificity, temperature, and the type and dosage of flotation reagents on flotation were discussed. At the theoretical level, four classical theories were reviewed, including dissolution heat, colloid precipitation, surface charge, and interfacial water structure, which could be used to analyze the interaction mechanisms between collectors and minerals during flotation. The decisive role of microscopic interface reactions under the influencesof ionspecificity on macroscopic flotation selectivity was emphasized. This review aimed to provide an extensible theoretical framework and data reference for the optimization of flotation processes of potassium saltsand the molecular design of low-temperature, salt-tolerant surfactants. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in quantitative detection, high-efficient synthesis, and applications of surfactin Xin Jiang, Kun Liu, Bo Jiang, Yanfeng Liu 2026, 56 (7):  960-967.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.015 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4181KB) ( 31 )   Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant synthesized by Bacillus sp., exhibits exceptional surface activity, emulsifying properties, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Surfactin has significant potential for applications in detergents, biomedicine, petroleum recovery, agriculture, and food industry. However, its industrial production remains limited by low yield, detection challenges, and high costs. In this review, three core research areas of surfactin have been systematically summarized: In terms of detection, a multi-level analytical framework has been established, ranging from traditional preliminary screening techniques based on surface activity to high-precision instrumental methods; in terms of synthesis, integrated strategies including classical mutagenesis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology have significantly enhanced surfactin production, while fermentation process optimization further promotes its industrialization; in terms of application, surfactin shows promising potential as a sustainable alternative in green daily chemicals, anticancer and antimicrobial therapeutics, microbial enhanced oil recovery, agricultural biocontrol, and food preservation. Future advances will rely on the integration of multi-omics and synthetic biology tools to construct efficient cell factories and optimize production processes, thereby facilitating the large-scale application of surfactin within a sustainable development framework. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of six arsenic species in cosmetics by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Yarui Yang, Yongpan Li, Shengnan Ren, Lin Wang, Dandan Li, Lili Luo 2026, 56 (7):  968-976.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.016 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1586KB) ( 42 )   To accurately assess the health risks of different arsenic species in cosmetics, a method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（HPLC-ICP-MS）for the simultaneous determination of six arsenic species: arsenocholine（AsC）, arsenobetaine（AsB）, arsenite[As（III）], dimethylarsinic acid（DMA）, monomethylarsonic acid（MMA）, and arsenate [As（V）]. The samples were extracted with an ultrasonic-assisted treatment at 80 ℃ by using a 1% nitric acid-1% ascorbic acid solution, followed by the purification with n-hexane for defatting. The analysis was then performed by anion-exchange chromatography with gradient elution, by employing ammonium dihydrogen phosphate（pH 8.5）as the mobile phase. The results showed that the six arsenic species were completely separated within 10 min. The standard curves were linear over the mass concentration range of 1-100 μg/L, with correlation coefficients（r 2）greater than 0.996. The limits of detection ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification ranged from 2.9 to 5.0 μg/kg. Recovery rates ranged from 86.2% to 102.1%, with precision（RSD）ranges of 1.8%-4.3%. Intra-day and inter-day stabilities were 1.5%-3.7% and 2.1%-4.3%, respectively. The proposed method exhibits good recovery rate, precision, stability, and accuracy, which is suitable for routine determination of six arsenic species in cosmetics. Moreover, it effectively addresses the current gap in the “Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics”（2015 Edition）regarding the arsenic speciation, and provides an essential technical support for the future refinement of cosmetic regulatory standards. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics