Table of Content

22 September 2022, Volume 52 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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Experimental exploration on applicability of the mixture of polymer and surfactant as the drag reduction additives for firefighting system He Wenyun,Xu Na,Li Xiaokun,Zhang Jinyuan,Lv Yaodong,Zhang Xingfang 2022, 52 (9):  913-919.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.001 Abstract ( 2346 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (1712KB) ( 532 )   With the global energy scarcity, the exploration of process energy conservation method is of great significance. The fire fighting plays an important role in the national economy and social development. If the techniques of drag reduction by additives are applied to the firefighting system, the jet velocity and range of firefighting water can be directly increased without additional energy consumption, and consequently, the firefighting efficiency will be improved, and the power consumption of fire pumps will be reduced. According to the characteristics of fire water flow, polyethylene oxide （PEO）, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride （OTAC） and sodium salicylate （NaSal） were chosen to be mixed as the drag reduction additives for the firefighting system. The drag reduction ability and surface tension of the mixed PEO/OTAC/NaSal solution were experimentally tested under different conditions. The results show that the PEO/OTAC/NaSal mixture is suitable for the firefighting system as the drag reduction additives, however, the PEO concentration must be controlled. Meanwhile, it is found that the drag reduction ability and surface tension of PEO/OTAC/NaSal solution mainly depend on the interactions between PEO and OTAC. Therefore, the mixture with strong interactions between polymer and surfactant molecules is more suitable for the firefighting system as drag reduction additives. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Jelly” phenomenon rheology study and improvement in shampoo system Liang Yihuan,Du Jing 2022, 52 (9):  920-929.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.002 Abstract ( 2719 )   HTML ( 50 )   PDF (1020KB) ( 413 )   “Jelly” phenomenon of two combined surfactant systems （SLES+CAPB and LS+CAPB） within temperature range of 0 ℃ to 40 ℃ were studied via two types of dynamic rheology tests, temperature sweep and frequency sweep. The results show that the phenomenon is mainly caused by the mechanism of wormlike micelles self-thickening structure. They both happen to appear in SLES+CAPB bases and LS+CAPB bases. The gelation range demonstrated by dynamic temperature constant frequency sweep appears in the systems which generates capability to form wormlike micelles. And the addition of Versathix （PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate （and） PPG-2 Hydroxyethyl Cocamide） can intensify the phenomenon because its anchor chemical structure helps to build up the 3D network in between wormlike micelles and to consolidate its entangled transient interspace micellar structure. The systems with wormlike micelles can be verified by dynamic frequency constant temperature sweep and draw the graph of ‘Cole-Cole’ curve with the result of Maxwell trend. All over the trials, viscosity of SLES+CAPB systems could be thickened by sodium chloride with salt shielding effect to form wormlike micelles self-thickening structure. However, viscosity of LS+CAPB system can only form wormlike micelles with a certain low pH range. On the other hand, systems which can only form spherical micelles do not show gelation range according to temperature sweep results, even in those systems using a large use level of Versathix. The systems containing spherical micelles thickened by Versathix show Maxwell trend in ‘Cole-Cole’ curve transferred from the results of dynamic frequency constant temperature sweep as well. This is due to the network effect provided by the thickener. The microstructural difference of wormlike micelles and Versathix thickening systems were confirmed via characterization with Cryo-TEM images. In shampoo formulations, applying 0.5% use level of emollients with good solubilities may help to reduce “jelly” phenomenon during low temperature condition. However, some of those emollients may influence on viscosity at room temperature. According to the study results, Cromollient SCE （Di-PPG-2 Myreth-10 Adipate） out of other ingredients can help to reduce this phenomenon with practical applying significance. Cromollient SCE does not influence much on system viscosity within room temperature range. And it can keep good clarity even using in surfactant systems. In addition, this ingredient can work as hair conditioning agent and help to reduce irritation mitigation in surfactant-based systems with additional benefits. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Common cosmetic preparation technologies （Ⅲ）Liquid, solid floating: Aerosol and spray Yu Xinqi,Sui Zhenquan,Xu Guiyun,Fan Jinshi 2022, 52 (9):  930-936.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.003 Abstract ( 1424 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (1047KB) ( 635 )   Aerosols and sprays are widely used in industry, agriculture, scientific research and people’s daily life in virtue of their advantages such as small volume, light weight, easy to carry and use, excellent function, and suitable for application for open, close and semi-close applicable spaces. Aerosols and sprays atomize functional active components into very fine droplets/particles via pressure device, which can easily spread throughout the whole application space, or evenly distribute on the object surfaces, to make full use of the valuable active components. Herein, the development history, product characteristics, working principle, device structure, key components, production process and application notices of aerosols and sprays were introduced. Furthermore, the typical applications of aerosols and sprays in hair and body care, household cleaning, medical products with natural active components, and biological pharmaceutical preparations in recent years were mentioned. Finally, the possible priorities and directions for research and development of aerosols and sprays in the future were also briefly pointed out. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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The production of high yield biosurfactant rhamnolipid and performance research Zheng Lanjian,Zang Ying,Lin Tong,Xie Yiwen,Wang Honglei 2022, 52 (9):  937-944.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.004 Abstract ( 1621 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (1235KB) ( 292 )   In order to reduce the cost of biosurfactant in various industries and alleviate the environmental pressure caused by kitchen waste oil, a strain with higher surface activity was screened out through preliminary screening of crude oil medium and re-screening of emulsification index and surface tension measurement from preserved strains with crude oil-contaminated soil in the early stage. In addition, biosurfactant produced by this strain was extracted by acid precipitation-organic solvent extraction, such as acid precipitation-ethyl acetate and acid precipitation-（Vchloroform∶Vmethanol=2∶1）. Further, the biosurfactant production of this bacteria was optimized by single factor experiment and physical-chemical properties, emulsification and solubilization of biosurfactant were characterized. The experimental results show that a strain with higher surface activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AY-1, is obtained through screening. This strain is fermented to produce 5.86 g/L biosurfactant which are characterized as rhamnolipids when the fermentation conditions are 35 ℃, pH=8.0, shaker speed 180 r/min, kitchen waste 50 g/L, sodium nitrate 2 g/L and fermentation time 96 h. The critical micelle mass concentration （cmc） of rhamnolipid produced by this strain is 200 mg/L, and the surface tension of rhamnolipids changes little when rhamnolipid is in all kinds of conditions such as temperature （4-120 ℃）, pH=2-12 and the content of NaCl （0-20%, w/%）. At the same time, the emulsification performance on different hydrophobic compounds （methylbenzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane and n-hexadecane） and solubilization effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （phenanthrene and pyrene） of rhamnolipids produced by this strain were further studied. Results show that the rhamnolipids produced by this strain have the best emulsification effect on n-hexadecane and significant solubilization effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （phenanthrene and pyrene）. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of supramolecular structure diversity of gel soft matter system Dou Xin 2022, 52 (9):  945-950.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.005 Abstract ( 155 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1362KB) ( 339 )   The supramolecular structure diversity of gel soft matter system was analyzed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation method, TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanocomposite gel was used as the experimental sample. The analysis results of supramolecular structure diversity were obtained by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that, there were great differences in FT-IR stretching vibration peaks, X-ray diffraction peaks and Raman vibration peaks between different types of gel. Under the influences of additives, light conditions and other interference factors, the supramolecular structure showed by SEM images changed significantly. When the cellulose content in the gel was 10%, the molecules in the structure piled up with each other, indicative of an obvious uneven dispersion, while the pore distribution distance in the gel was kept at several nanometers. TEM images also showed that the supramolecular structures of gel with different cellulose content were inconsistent. With the increase of calcination temperature, the number of vibration peaks in the Raman spectrum of gel was continuously increased, indicative of the change in supramolecular structure, which could reflect the diversity of supramolecular structure. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of surfactant structure on filtration dewatering of fine coal and its mechanism research Zhao Ke,Liu Shengyu,Zhang Suhong 2022, 52 (9):  951-959.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.006 Abstract ( 191 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1351KB) ( 233 )   In order to reduce the moisture content of fine coal, both nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants with different hydrophobic groups such as AEO9, LAE9, OP9 and surfactants with different hydrophilic groups including AEO4, AEO7, AEO9, AEO15, and AEO20 were selected for fine coal filtration dewatering experiments. The filter cake moisture, filter speed, filter cake specific resistance and permeability were used as the evaluation indexes for the dewatering effect. The surface tension, infrared spectroscopy, wetting heat, adsorption capacity and Zeta potential were employed. The results of the fine coal dewatering experiments show that AEO9 among the surfactants with different hydrophobic groups has best performance, and AEO7 among AEO series surfactants with different hydrophilic groups has best performance. The mechanism of the surfactant AEO7 in the filtration and dewatering of fine coal was studied. The obtained results show that when the dosage of AEO7 is 120 mg/L, the maximum amount of oxygen-containing functional groups have been decreased and the lowest wetting heat of the fine coal treated by AEO7 indicating that the hydrophobicity of the coal surface has significantly been enhanced. At this time, the moisture content of the filter cake is reduced by 4.66%. The surface tension of the filtrate solution hardly decreases when the dosage of AEO7 agent exceeds 120 mg/L. The adsorption capacity results show that when the surfactant dosage exceeds 120 mg/L, it is possible that double-layer adsorption on the coal surface may make the coal surface hydrophilic, thereby weaken the filtration and dewatering performance. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the synthesis and application of thickening-fixing hybrid rheology modifier Mai Jingzhang,Li Lin,He Jinqing,Li Zeyong 2022, 52 (9):  960-968.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.007 Abstract ( 229 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (1467KB) ( 297 )   Acrylic acid （AA）/N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone （NVP） crosspolymer, AA/NVP/N-tert-butyl acrylamide （BAA） crosspolymer and AA/NVP/N-tert-octyl acrylamide （OAA） crosspolymer were synthesized via precipitation polymerization. The polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. Glass transition temperature （Tg） of the polymers were measured by DSC. As the introduction of BAA and OAA, polymers’ Tg rise from 120.50 ℃ to 123.66 ℃ and 129.23 ℃, respectively, while the neutralized polymers’ Tg rise from 97.99 ℃ to 111.76 ℃ and 112.74 ℃, respectively. The viscosity, transmittance, hair curl retention, wetting time and dispersing performance of these samples were characterized to determine their thickening, fixing and dispersing performances. The AA/NVP/OAA crosspolymer shows the best parameters. This polymer sample was selected for further study, such as rheological test and hair gel application. Commercial hair gels usually can stick to the user’s fingers so that it can be picked up easily. The G' （0.1 rad/s）and G'' （100 rad/s） of various samples were determined by rotary rheometer so that rheological properties and pick up performance can be characterized. The G' （0.1 rad/s）and G'' （100 rad/s） of AA/NVP/OAA crosspolymer’s aquogel are comparable with the commercial hair gels, while the commercial carbomers and commercial AA/NVP copolymer show the opposite. These results indicate that AA/NVP/OAA crosspolymer’s aquogel can be easily picked up by users as the commercial hair gels. Hair gel formulation study was also carried out. Formula A is the hair gel prepared by AA/NVP/OAA crosspolymer, which shows comparable performance with the hair gel prepared by carbomer and PVP-K90 （Formula D）. The transmittance of Formula A is 93.82%, viscosity is 59 000 mPa·s and the curl retention is 96.5%. Hair bending strength of Formula A is also comparable with Formula D. These results indicate that AA/NVP/OAA crosspolymer can act as both rheology modifier and hair fixing agent in the formula. Even though commercial AA/NVP polymer can also provide thickening and fixing functions, it shows poorer transmittance, lower curl retention and weaker bending strength in formula. The introduction of NVP and OAA can also improve the compatibility with PVP-K90. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effect of pilose antler extracts against UVB-induced skin photoaging in mice Tang Jinghui,Wang Yi,Ma Shuhua,Sun Yanan,He Gaiying,He Zhongmei 2022, 52 (9):  969-974.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.008 Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (1245KB) ( 251 )   Skin aging is an irreversible physiological process. Many factors, such as long-term UVB radiation, can accelerate skin aging and lead to a series of skin problems, whose symptoms include irregular pigmentation, wrinkles, dryness, loss of elasticity and capillary dilation. Herein, the protective effects of pilose antler extracts （PAEs） on skin photoaging induced by UVB in mice were investigated. The changes of epidermal thickness in photoaged skin were observed by H&E staining, while the changes of skin water content in photoaged mice were detected by a stratum corneum water content tester and a subcutaneous 0.05 mm water content tester. The fluorescence signal intensity of collagen fibers was detected in vivo by two-photon excitation fluorescence （TPEF） imaging technique, while the azimuth angle changes of collagen fibers were studied by liquid crystal polarized light imaging. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of different types of collagen, matrix metalloproteinases and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. The results showed that, PAEs significantly inhibited UVB-induced hyperproliferation in mouse skin and increased the water content in the stratum corneum and deep layers of photoaged mouse skin. PAEs significantly increased the fluorescence signal intensity of dermal collagen fibers in photoaged mice, decreased the variability of collagen fiber azimuth, promoted the expression of dermal type I and III collagen mRNA in photoaged mice, and regulated MMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expression. The experimental results showed that PAEs could significantly improve UVB-induced skin photoaging and have important applications in anti-aging products. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the synthesis and antioxidant activities of a sulfated cornstalk xylan Mi Haoyu,Liu Wanyi,Duan Hongyu,Zhang Tianchun,Han Luping 2022, 52 (9):  975-980.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.009 Abstract ( 220 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 295 )   Cornstalk was used as raw material, from which cornstalk xylan was obtained by alkaline extraction and alcohol precipitation. Then a sulfated cornstalk xylan was synthesized by three sulfating methods （chlorosulfuric acid-pyridine method, sulfur trioxide-pyridine method and sodium sulfamate method）. The structure of sulfated cornstalk xylan were characterized by IR and 13C NMR, and its antioxidant activity in vitro was further investigated. Structural characterization revealed that sulfate groups were successfully grafted onto cornstalk xylan. The results indicated that, the optimal conditions for sulfating were sodium sulfamate method at a reaction temperature of 45 ℃ for a sulfating time of 2.5 h. The degree of substitution （DS） of the sulfated cornstalk xylan thus obtained was 1.566. The results of in vitro antioxidant activities showed that, sulfated cornstalk xylan had scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner, and sulfation could improve the antioxidant activity of cornstalk xylan. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the effect of bovine milk exosomes on skin barrier Bai Wei,Han Chunle,Wang Miao,Du Huanqing,Dong Fengwei,Ge Xiaohu 2022, 52 (9):  981-989.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.010 Abstract ( 593 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF (1280KB) ( 715 )   Bovine milk exosomes were purified by density centrifugation, and their effect on skin barrier was studied. TEM, nanoFCM, Western-blot, LC-MS and BCA test showed that, the obtained bovine milk exosomes were highly pure exosome product whose appearance, particle size and markers were consistent with the typical characteristics of exosomes. Proteomics was then employed. The results showed that, the bovine milk exosomes contributed to cell-cell adhesion, indicative of an effect of skin barrier repair. HaCat cells were then incubated with bovine milk exosomes, and the cell proteomics analysis proved that tight junction proteins such as Claudin-1 and Claudin-6 were upregulated by bovine milk exosomes at all dosages, while some negative regulatory factors like PPP2R1A and PPP2R2A were downregulated. Molecular analysis identified with the proteomics results showed that Claudin-1 was upregulated at both transcription and translation levels. The bovine milk exosomes were then labeled with fluorescent dye and topically applied on mouse skin. Trans-epidermal trace of labeled bovine milk exosomes was demonstrated by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemical detection further verified that Claudin-1 was enhanced after 48 hours’ topical application on mouse skin. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Research progress on chemical risk substances and related detection methods in cosmetics Gu Yuxiang,Yang Baogang,Lu Yi 2022, 52 (9):  990-998.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.011 Abstract ( 1301 )   HTML ( 33 )   PDF (997KB) ( 402 )   The chemical risk substances involved in the safety assessment of cosmetics were summarized. The requirements for impurities in restricted and approved substances were specified in the “Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics”, and the possible risk substances in raw materials in the standards of cosmetics raw materials, domestic and foreign research and literature were presented. It is concluded that many approved colorants contain risk substances, however, there are little detection methods of these impurities. Although there are many product standards of dyes or food additives, no cosmetic raw material standard of approved colorants is released. The quality indicators of most dyes or food additives do not match the requirements of “Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics”. It is indicated that many risk substances that may be contained in common raw materials are prohibited substances in cosmetics, which come from degradation, introduction of raw materials, by-products of chemical reaction, et al. Most of these impurities have determination standards or literature testing methods. Since there are no residue requirements in standard or assessment for chlorotoluene, nitromethane and other risk substances which rare prohibited substances in cosmetics, it is necessary to calculate the MoS, LCR or AEL according to their toxicological data and exposure dose during the safety assessment, in order to judge the safety of the product. In the future, with the in-depth development of raw material safety assessment, more and more risk substances would be found. It is suggested to strengthen the research of cosmetics raw materials, especially the quality standards of approved colorants and the detection methods of their risk substances, so as to enrich the system of cosmetics standards. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application status and prospect of peptides in personal care products Yan Xin,Ling Feng,Wei Shaomin 2022, 52 (9):  999-1004.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.012 Abstract ( 530 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF (1158KB) ( 553 )   Peptides are a kind of active ingredient with skin care effect, which has been highly praised by the market and consumers in recent years. To understand the current situation of peptide application in personal care products globally, the brief history of peptide applications and their naming rules were reviewed. The peptide materials in Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China （2021 edition） and International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook （2018 edition） were compared, and the products containing peptides and the companies with extensive use of peptides in the global market of personal care products from 2016 to 2020 were surveyed. 14 peptides that were frequently used were further studied and divided into three categories according to their action mechanism: signal peptide, neurotransmitter inhibitory peptide and carrier peptide. Some other active peptides were also briefly described. The application trend of peptides in personal care products was also prospected to provide reference for their further research, development, and application. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The representation of symbolic elements in cosmetic packaging design Yan Ji 2022, 52 (9):  1005-1010.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.013 Abstract ( 202 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (985KB) ( 210 )   The cosmetics industry is updated rapidly and has a wide range of categories. In order to attract female audiences, it is necessary to fully package the products to make them more attractive. In order to enhance the attractiveness of cosmetic packaging, this article explores the display of symbolic element characteristics in cosmetic packaging design. This article first explores the relationship between cosmetic packaging and symbol element characteristics, and obtains the recognition and universality of symbol element characteristics according to the principle of cosmetic packaging symbol element characteristics, and analyzes the application path of symbol element characteristics in cosmetic packaging; then introduces the functional characteristics of cosmetic packaging. In addition, a detailed introduction is given to the indicative semantics of the symbolic elements contained in various packaging materials. Finally, on this basis, it introduces the current status of the application of symbolic element characteristics on cosmetics packaging, and analyzes the application of the symbolic element characteristics of the modeling symbol element characteristics, color symbol element characteristics, graphic symbol element characteristics and traditional cultural symbol element characteristics in cosmetic packaging. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the dynamics of liquid drainage from complex foam system Yan Yongli,Cai Yuxiu,Dou Longlong,Cao Yuxia 2022, 52 (9):  1011-1015.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.014 Abstract ( 1512 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (1140KB) ( 499 )   Bubbles play extremely important roles in our daily life and in the fields of industrial production, medicine, health care, etc. Concerning complex foam systems with different fine structures, they have a variety of flow and stability properties. However, the drainage behavior of complex foam systems has been far less studied compared with simple foams. Herein, the research status and development of dynamics of liquid drainage from complex foam systems are reviewed, including surfactant-aggregate-stabilized foams, nanoparticle-stabilized foams, and oil-water miscible foams. For the surfactant-aggregate-stabilized foam systems, two flow models such as Poiseuille flow and plug flow, and their kinetic equations are introduced. The drainage behaviors of nanoparticle-stabilized foam systems are emphasized in aspects of particle size effects and particle trapping and blocking effects. The two different forms of oil phase （dissolved oil/emulsified oil） have completely different effects on the drainage behavior of oil-water miscible foams. The drainage behaviors of complex foam systems with fine structures have not been well studied yet, and there are many theoretical disagreements and debates. It is necessary to carry out more in-depth research on basic theoretical issues. We believe that the research on the fluid drainage dynamics of complex foam systems will be a research hotspot at present and for a long time in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Study on the alternative method for assessing eye irritation of chemicals using in vitro and in silico approaches Lin Ni,Luo Feiya,Cao Chunran,Hu Yuchi 2022, 52 (9):  1016-1022.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.015 Abstract ( 224 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (1001KB) ( 398 )   The aim of the study was to establish the alternative method for preliminary assessing eye irritation of chemicals using Fluorescein Leakage test （FL test） and Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship （QSAR）, to detect and classify the ocular irritation of the recommended substances, and to explore the application value of different alternative methods. Using Toxtree models to predict eye irritation and irritation potency of 8 recommended substances for demonstrating technical proficiency. The test substances were prepared into series of concentrations and exposed with the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell （MDCK） for 1 min to test the percentage of fluorescein leakage （FL/%）. The results were categorized according to the classification criteria for assessing eye irritation. Then, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FL test and Toxtree models were evaluated. Furthermore, the consistency of FL test or Toxtree model was compared with UN-GHS （United Nationas Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals） classification. When FL test is used to distinguish if the test substance belongs to severe irritation/corrosion （GHS Cat. 1）, the irritation potency of all test substances is concordant with that in GHS classification （Kappa=1, P=0.005）. When FL test is used to distinguish if the test substance is severe irritation/corrosion （GHS Cat. 1）, moderate irritation （GHS Cat. 2A） or mild/no irritation （GHS Cat. 2B/No Cat.） substances, the irritation potency of all test substances is concordant with GHS classification in the eye irritant potency （Kappa=0.579, P=0.035）. The results predicted by Toxtree software demonstrate that it is more suitable to firstly estimate the possible substances with mild/no ocular irritation. The FL test is an effective and valuable alternative method for evaluating eye irritation, and it is more applicable to identify chemicals with severe irritation/corrosion or to be the study firstly carried out using the “Top-Down approach” of the integrated decision-tree testing strategy for eye irritation. The results predicted by Toxtree software could be reference data for the integrated assessment on eye irritation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride in cosmetics by HPLC Wang Qilin,Han Xiaoping,Li Zhenbing,Tang Qikui 2022, 52 (9):  1023-1058.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.09.016 Abstract ( 514 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF (1123KB) ( 397 )   A method for simultaneous determination of benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride in cosmetics was established by high performance liquid chromatography. Different types of chromatographic columns and mobile phase conditions were screened. Finally, C8 column was used to separate benzethonium chloride and three kinds of homologues of dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides calculated with benzalkonium chloride. Methanol : 0.1 mol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution （pH=5） was used as the mobile phase for isocratic elution. The results were simultaneously determined by DAD at the wavelength of 260 nm. Compared with the methods recommended in Technical Specification for Safety of Cosmetics （2015 edition）, the detection method of benzalkonium chloride and the detection method of lauralkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetalkonium chloride were optimized and combined. A C8 column with a wide range of use was selected to achieve the simultaneous separation of the four components. Benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride have good linear relationship in a certain mass concentration range, and the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.999 9. The recoveries were 90%-110% with RSD of 0.3%-4.4% （n=9） at three mass concentration gradients of low, medium and high for four different types of matrixes. This method has the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, good sensitivity and reproducibility, and can be used for the simultaneous determination of benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride in cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics