化妆品中全氟及多氟烷基化合物的检测分析现状及分子网络技术的应用研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.03.012

Abstract

Abstract:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） are a class of synthetic fluorinated organic compounds. Due to their unique chemical stability, hydrophobicity, lipophobicity, and surface activity, they are widely used in cosmetics, such as lipstick, mascara, lotion, foundation and sunscreen. However, the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of PFASs have raised global concerns about their safety. Due to the limitations of traditional detection methods, molecular networking technology provides an innovative solution for the detection of hazardous substances in cosmetics due to its unique advantages. The application of this technology enables high-throughput and high-sensitivity detection of hazardous substances such as perfluorinated compounds in cosmetics. This article systematically reviews the pollution status of PFASs in cosmetics, the challenges of detection technology, the application of molecular networks, health risks, and regulatory countermeasures, in order to provide scientific basis and technical support for industry standard formulation and risk management.

Key words: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs）, cosmetics, detection, molecular network

CLC Number:

TQ658

Wanping Yu,Li Li,Haiyan Wang,Jianbo Sun. Current status of analytical detection of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in cosmetics and research progress on the application of molecular network[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(3): 368-375.

Figures/Tables 4

Tab.1

Current regulatory landscape of PFASs in domestic and international jurisdictions"

国家/地区	法规/政策名称	发布机构	主要内容	实施时间	参考文献
欧盟	法规（EU） 2024/2462	欧盟委员会	新增对化妆品中全氟己酸（PFHxA）、其盐类及相关物质的监管，设定添加限值	2024年	[25]
	法规（EU） 2025/40	欧盟委员会	对食品接触包装的PFAS和氟物质的含量进行限制，每种PFAS不超过25 ppb；PFAS总和不超过250 ppb；PFAS包括聚合物PFAS以氟记不超过50 ppm	已实施	[26]
	《欧盟持久性有机污染物法规（EU） 2019/1021》	欧盟议会及理事会	将PFOS及其衍生物、PFOA及其盐类和相关化合物、PFHxA及其盐类及相关化合物等PFASs纳入禁/限用清单。自2020年7月4日起，开始逐步禁止PFOA及能降解为PFOA的物质在欧盟销售产品中的使用，限量分别为25 ng/g （PFOA）和1 000 ng/g（相关物质）	逐步实施	[27]
	法规（EC）1907/2006	欧盟议会及理事会	限制全氟羧酸（C9~C14 PFCAs）及其盐类和相关物质、全氟癸酸（PFDA）及其钠盐和铵盐、全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）及其盐等在欧盟市场化学品中的使用	持续更新	[28]
美国	《美国有毒物质控制法（TSCA）》	美国环境保护署（EPA）	将7种PFASs自动添加至有毒物质排放报告清单并严格管理其用途、生产、处理及危害信息	持续更新	[29]
美国	《美国包装材料中有毒物质控制示范法规》	美国各州立法机构	禁止在包装材料中检出PFASs	2021年	[30]
日本	《日本化审法全称化学物质审查及制造管理法》	日本经产省、厚生劳动省、环境省	将PFOA及其相关化合物列为第一类特定化学物质进行限制，原则上禁止制造、进口和使用，同时也禁止进口含有该类物质的产品	已实施	[31]
新西兰	化妆品禁用PFASs规定	新西兰政府	禁止在新西兰进口和制造的化妆品中使用PFASs	2027年起	[32]
法国	《保护公众免受PFAS危害法案》	法国国民议会	禁止PFASs在在化妆品、服装和鞋类等领域的使用	2026年1月1日起	[33]

Tab.1

Tab.2

Tab.3

Tab.4

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化合物名称	英文名称	化学式	CAS号
全氟辛酸	Perfluorooctanoic acid	C₈HF₁₅O₂	335-67-1
全氟辛基磺酸	Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid	C₈HF₁₇O₃S	1763-23-1
全氟丁酸	Heptafluorobutyric acid	C₄HF₇O₂	375-22-4
全氟丁烷磺酸	Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid	C₄HF₉O₃S	375-73-5
全氟戊酸	Perfluoropentanoic acid	C₅HF₉O₂	2706-90-3
全氟戊烷磺酸	Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid	C₅HF₁₁O₃S	2706-91-4
全氟己基磺酸	Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	C₆HF₁₃O₃S	355-46-4
全氟庚酸	Perfluoroheptanoic acid	C₇HF₁₃O₂	375-85-9
全氟庚基磺酸	Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid	C₇HF₁₅O₃S	375-92-8
全氟壬烷磺酸	Perfluorononanesulfonic acid	C₉HF₁₉O₃S	68259-12-1
全氟壬酸	Perfluorononanoic acid	C₉HF₁₇O₂	375-95-1
全氟癸烷磺酸	Perfluorodecanesulfonic acid	C₁₀HF₂₁O₃S	335-77-3
全氟十一烷酸	Perfluoroundecanoic acid	C₁₁HF₂₁O₂	2058-94-8
全氟十二烷酸	Perfluorododecanoic acid	C₁₂HF₂₃O₂	307-55-1
全氟十三酸	Perfluorotridecanoic acid	C₁₃HF₂₅O₂	72629-94-8
全氟代十四酸	Perfluorotetradecanoic acid	C₁₄HF₂₇O₂	376-06-7

化合物	检测方法	前处理技术	色谱柱	质谱模式	仪器条件	检出限	回收率/ %
全氟丙酸、全氟十三酸、全氟十六酸等PFASs^[42]	LC-MS/MS	多种盐溶液与有机溶剂分散提取	C₁₈（3.0 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm）	ESI- ；MRM模式	流动相：A（5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液）， B（乙腈）；柱温：40 ℃；进样量：1 μL	0.025~0.125 μg/g	70.8~ 112.0
全氟萘烷、全氟辛基乙基三乙氧基硅烷等^[43]	GC-MS	饱和氯化钠溶液-乙酸乙酯分散提取	INNOWAX（60 m× 0.25 mm，0.25 μm）	EI ；SIM模式	流速1 mL/min；程序升温	0.004，0.020和0.003 5 μg/mL	60.7~ 95.8
PFOS^[44]	HPLC-MS/MS	甲醇提取，超声辅助萃取	C₁₈（100 mm×2.1 mm， 2.7 μm）	ESI-；MRM模式	流动相：A（0.1%甲酸水溶液）- B（甲醇）；柱温：30 ℃；进样量：5 μL	0.015 mg/kg	98.7~ 112.5
8种挥发性PFASs^[45]	QuEChERS/GC-Q-TOF/MS	有机溶剂提取，除水后利用吸附材料组合进行分散固相萃取净化	DB-5 ms（30 m×250 μm， 0.25 μm）	EI ；SCAN模式	载气流速1.5 mL/min；程序升温	20~200 μg/kg	81.4~ 112.0
9种全氟羧酸和8种全氟磺酸^[46]	UHPLC-MS/MS	分散萃取后共沉淀，进行WAX-SPE净化	C₁₈（100 mm×3 mm, 2.6 mm）	ESI- ；MRM模式	流动相：A（含2 mmol/L乙酸铵的水）；B（甲醇）；进样量：5 μL	0.09~0.26 ng/g	70.1~ 114.7

检测方法	原理	优势	局限性
LC-MS/MS	基于极性分离与质谱定量，适用于极性大、热不稳定的PFASs	灵敏度高；选择性好；适用范围广	前处理复杂；成本较高
GC-MS	基于挥发性分离，需衍生化处理提升PFASs挥发性	分离效率高；经济性较好	适用性受限；灵敏度较低
QuEChERS/GC-Q-TOF/MS	结合快速样品前处理与高分辨质谱	前处理简便；适用于非靶向检测和高通量筛查	净化能力有限；分辨率要求高：
UHPLC-MS/MS	通过超高效液相色谱提升分离速度与分辨率，结合质谱实现高灵敏度检测	分析速度快；灵敏度优异，合超痕量分析	基质干扰显著，前处理复杂；设备成本高

Current status of analytical detection of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in cosmetics and research progress on the application of molecular network

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