天然生物质材料的制备、性质与应用（Ⅳ）——胶凝稳定的多用途海藻胶：琼脂

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.04.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

琼脂是从红藻中提取的一种海藻多糖,是世界上应用最广泛的海藻胶之一。因具有胶凝、无毒、稳定、增稠、透明、助悬、赋型等优良特性,且利用其分子结构中的羟基、糖苷键等活性基团进行降解、氧化、羧烷基化、羟烷基化及疏水化等改性方法可赋予其更多更强的功能性质,琼脂及其改性产物在食品、生物、医药、化妆品、农业等多个领域得到广泛应用。本文阐述了琼脂的名称、来源和结构,以及物理性质、生产方法、改性技术和近期的应用进展情况,并指出了琼脂及其改性产物当前存在的问题和发展方向。

关键词: 琼脂, 琼脂糖, 琼胶寡糖, 提取, 改性, 性质, 应用

Abstract:

Agar is a kind of seaweed polysaccharide extracted from marine red algae, and it is also one of the most widely used algal gels in the world. Agar consists of neutral agarose and charged agaropectin, in which agarose is based on a disaccharide backbone of 1,3-linked -β-D-galactopyranose and 1, 4-linked 3, 6 anhydro-ɑ-L-galactopyranose repeating units, while agaropectin possesses molecular structure similar to that of agarose, with some sulfate groups, methoxyl groups and pyruvate groups linked to the galactopyranose in varying degrees. Due to its excellent properties such as gelling, non-toxicity, stability, thickening, transparence, suspending, shaping, as well as the more and better functions that could be obtained by the degradation, oxidization, carboxyalkylation, hydroxyalkylation and hydrophobization of the active groups including hydroxy groups and glycosidic bonds in the agar molecules, agar and its derivatives have been extensively used in food, biology, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture and other fields. Herein, the name, source and molecular structure of agar, the physical properties, conventional and improved production methods, and typical modification technology of agar, as well as the current research and application status of agar and its derivatives were introduced. The current problems, research trend and development prospect of agar and its modified products were also pointed out.

Key words: agar, agarose, agar oligosaccharide, extract, modification, property, application

中图分类号:

TQ658

亓玺,樊建茹,冯云,徐桂云,范金石. 天然生物质材料的制备、性质与应用（Ⅳ）——胶凝稳定的多用途海藻胶：琼脂[J]. 日用化学工业, 2022, 52(4): 355-362.

Qi Xi,Fan Jianru,Feng Yun,Xu Guiyun,Fan Jinshi. Preparation, properties and applications of natural biomass materials （Ⅳ） Stable multipurpose seaweed gel: agar[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2022, 52(4): 355-362.

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样品	溶解温度/℃	凝胶温度/℃	凝胶再溶温度/℃	凝胶强度/（g/cm²）
琼脂（Agar）	98.0±1.3^a	38.8±0.5^a	96.0±0.3^a	984±34^b
羧甲基琼脂（CMA）	65.2±0.5^d	35.3±0.6^c	64.7±0.4^d	273±10^d
氧化琼脂（OA）	94.7±0.5^b	38.1±0.5^a	94.0±0.8^b	1 463±71^a
羟丙基琼脂（HPA）	85.4±0.9^c	36.2±0.4^b	78.8±1.5^c	546±29^c

样品	亮度L^*	红绿值a^*	黄蓝值b^*	亨特白度指数W_H	透过率T/%
琼脂（Agar）	88.60±0.03^b	0.73±0.02^b	16.27±0.09^b	80.12±0.09^c	23.93±0.20^d
羧甲基琼脂（CMA）	84.11±0.33^c	2.64±0.14^a	19.01±0.26^a	75.08±0.15^d	82.21±0.47^a
氧化琼脂（OA）	91.15±0.06^a	-0.43±0.02^d	12.56±0.16^c	84.63±0.17^b	55.70±0.45^c
羟丙基琼脂（HPA）	91.24±0.25^a	-0.22±0.03^c	11.79±0.49^d	85.31±0.52^a	68.60±0.33^b