煤层气促解吸剂作用机理研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.06.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

煤层气作为重要的非常规天然气资源，其高效开发对改善能源结构和减少温室气体排放具有重要意义。文章系统综述了促解吸剂技术在煤层气开发中的研究进展与挑战，重点探讨了物理置换、化学竞争吸附、润湿性调控及热力学协同等多种作用机理。结果表明，物理置换类促解吸剂通过竞争吸附占据煤基质活性位点，增强甲烷解吸效率；表面活性剂等化学药剂通过重构气-液-固界面作用，降低毛细管阻力并优化孔隙流体分布；润湿性调控技术则通过改变煤岩表面亲疏水性，削弱甲烷与煤基质的结合强度。此外，热力学协同机制通过温度、压力与孔隙结构的动态演变，系统提升解吸动力学效率。然而，煤层非均质性、化学剂长期滞留风险及储层条件下工作液对煤岩作用机制不明等问题仍制约促解吸技术发展。未来研究需聚焦多因素耦合模型的构建、智能响应材料的开发及CO₂封存与甲烷增采的一体化技术，推动煤层气开发向绿色化、精准化方向转型。

关键词: 煤层气, 解吸机理, 促解吸剂, 物理置换, 竞争吸附, 润湿性调控, 多因素耦合, 绿色开发

Abstract:

Coalbed methane （CBM）, as an important unconventional natural gas resource, plays a significant role in optimizing energy structures and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this review, the research progress and challenges for technologies of desorption agents in CBM development are systematically reviewed, focusing on various mechanisms including physical displacement, chemical competitive adsorption, wettability modification, and thermodynamic synergy. The literature survey has shown that physical displacement agents can enhance the desorption efficiency of methane by occupying the adsorption sites on coal matrices through competitive adsorption. Chemical agents such as surfactants can optimize pore fluid distribution and reduce capillary resistance by regulating gas-liquid-solid interfacial interactions. Wettability modification techniques can weaken methane-coal bonding strength by altering the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of coal. Additionally, thermodynamic synergy can systematically improve desorption kinetics through dynamic evolution among temperature field, pressure field, and pore structure evolution. However, challenges such as the heterogeneity of coalbed, the long-term retention risk of chemical agents, and the lack of clarity of the action mechanism of working fluid on coal under reservoir conditions still restrict technological development. To promote green and precision CBM development, future studies should prioritize constructing multiphysics coupling models, developing intelligent responsive materials, and integrating CO₂ sequestration with methane recovery technologies.

Key words: coalbed methane, desorption mechanism, desorption agent, physical displacement, competitive adsorption, wettability modification, multifactorial coupling, green development

中图分类号:

TE37

鲁红升, 杨阳, 吴洋, 严向阳, 林波. 煤层气促解吸剂作用机理研究进展[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2025, 55(6): 687-699.

Hongsheng Lu, Yang Yang, Yang Wu, Xiangyang Yan, Bo Lin. Advances in desorption-enhancing mechanisms for coalbed methane desorption agents[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55(6): 687-699.

图/表 9

图 1

表 1

图 2

图 3

图 4

图 5

表 2

不同促解吸剂对比分析结果"

促解吸剂分类	具体类型	成本	用量	适用条件	特点
物理置换型	CO₂	较高（需高温高压设备）	用量大	中高渗透率煤层，兼具碳封存需求的深部高压储层	超临界态高扩散性，兼具甲烷置换与CO₂封存双重功能；适配超临界储层条件，需配套高温高压设备
	N₂	较高（需配套相关设备）	中等用量	非均质储层，需避免气窜风险	通过分压稀释和宏观气相驱替作用；见效快，长期滞留风险低，适合短期产能提升
	烟道气（CO₂/N₂混合气）	低（工业副产品）	混合比例15%~ 30% CO₂	邻近工业区的煤层，需预处理酸性杂质	低成本资源化利用，混合气体协同吸附竞争与气相驱替，适配非均质储层
	天然气（CH₄）	中等（回注成本）	循环注气	低压气藏二次开发	增压回注恢复储层压力，适合枯竭气藏产能恢复，但需气源保障
化学竞争吸附型	表面活性剂	低	0.1%~0.5% （w/%）	含水高或微孔发育煤层，受矿化度影响大	重构气-液-固界面，降低毛细管阻力；亲水/疏水基团定向排列，但水质矿化度高时易失效
	离子液体	高（合成复杂）	低用量（高效吸附）	深层或高附加值气田	离子交换竞争吸附位点，耐高温高压；合成工艺复杂但环境兼容性好
	氧化剂（如H₂O₂）	中等	需控制浓度	有机质含量高的煤储层，高阶煤效果差	芬顿反应生成自由基氧化煤基质，破坏吸附位点；可能引发硫化物副产物风险
	酸液体系	中等（需防腐蚀）	根据矿物含量调整	高灰分煤层，需规避黄铁矿区域	溶蚀碳酸盐扩大孔隙喉道，适配高灰分储层；需规避FeS₂以避免H₂S生成
	纳米流体（SiO₂等）	较高	低用量（需防团聚）	致密煤层，需解决颗粒分散问题	纳米颗粒表面修饰抑制甲烷吸附；孔隙填充效应显著，但易团聚堵塞孔隙
润湿改性型	表面活性剂	低	0.1%~0.5% （w/%）	浅层、低矿化度煤层	静电作用结合高价金属离子，破坏疏水膜；快速润湿反转但耐盐性差
	纳米乳液	较高	需优化注入工艺	低渗透、高含水煤层，如沁水盆地	液滴抗剪切性强，布朗运动穿透微孔喉；SiO₂颗粒增强热稳定性，适配高温储层
	高分子聚合物	中等	需严格控制浓度	渗透率较高、含水适中的储层	长链吸附形成稳定润湿层，作用持久；需避免浓度过高导致孔隙堵塞
热力学协同型	氧化钙-氧化镁复合	中等	根据储层能量需求调整	中深层低温储层，煤体结构完整区域	强放热反应快速加热储层；适配闭合压力高区域，热作用半径有限
	铝基热化学体系	高	大用量（高温设备支持）	低渗构造煤储层，需配套高温工具	高温反应（>300 ℃）扩展渗流通道；需配套耐高温井筒工具，成本较高但长效性佳
	硝酸铵基复合	中等（环保风险）	需平衡能量与解吸动力	低压储层，需控制副产气体	吸热（NH₄NO₃分解）与放热反应耦合调控温度；副产物需环境风险防控
	相变储热材料	较高	持续释热（低维护）	中高渗储层，卤水发育区需耐盐配方	相变潜热持续释热；热传导效率依赖纳米流体协同，矿化度敏感

表 2

图 6

图 7

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模型名称	表达式	适用条件
Langmuir等温吸附模型^[15]	$ V_{P_{\mathrm{r}}}=V_{\mathrm{L}} P_{\mathrm{r}} /\left(P_{\mathrm{L}}+P_{\mathrm{r}}\right)$	均质煤微孔中单分子层吸附，吸附位点能量均匀分布，吸附质分子间无横向作用，适用于低压至中压气体吸附平衡态
Langmuir修正模型^[19]	$ W=h W_{\mathrm{s}} C /(1+h C)$	均质煤固-液界面单分子层吸附，吸附解吸可逆，含水饱和度超过15%
Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型^[20]	$ V=V_{\mathrm{L}} \frac{P^{n} K_{\mathrm{b}}}{1+P^{n} K_{\mathrm{b}}}$	非均匀孔隙中的超临界吸附，高温、高压条件
多层吸附模型^[20]	$\frac{P}{V(\begin{array}{c}P_0-P\end{array})}=\frac{1}{CV_\mathrm{m}}+\frac{C-1}{CV_\mathrm{m}}\times\frac{P}{P_0}$	非均质孔中固气界面产生的多层吸附，吸附分子间存在范德华力，吸附层位互不影响
Rubinin和Radushkevich模型^[21]	$ V=V_{0} \exp \left[-\left(\frac{R T}{\beta E} \ln \frac{P_{0}}{P}\right)^{2}\right]$	固体表面存在吸附势场，吸附层密度与距离固体表面有关，适用于孔径<2 nm的低温高压吸附行为分析