Table of Content

22 February 2019, Volume 49 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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The emulsibility of cleavable vanillin-based nonionic surfactants Feng-mei DING,Xiang ZHOU,Ju-long LI,Zhi-qi XING 2019, 49 (2):  63-69.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.001 Abstract ( 374 )   HTML ( 88 )   PDF (1350KB) ( 438 )   A series of environment-friendly nonionic surfactants, vanillin 1,2-octanediolacetal polyoxyethylene ethers （VAEO） with acetal structure, have been successfully synthesized previously. The surface activity and emulsibility of VAEOn （n=6-24） were studied, which were also compared with that of nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether （NPEO10）. The results show that, as the polyoxyethylene chain length （n） of VAEOn increased, the abilities of VAEOn to reduce the surface tension/interfacial tension and to emulsify paraffin are both decreased. As for the VAEOn with low degree of EO polymerization （n=6-10）, their surface activity and emulsibility are similar to those of NPEO10. The ability of VAEOn to reduce oil-water interfacial tension is worse than that of NPEO10. The software "Material Studio" is used to simulate VAEOn and NPEO10 in emulsifying paraffin in water, showing that the paraffin aggregated faster for the VAEOn with longer polyoxyethylene chain length, which is consistent with the experimental results by split-phase method. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Self-assembly of surfactants controlled by weak interactions（II）The structure and design of surfactants Guan-nan SUN,Li-qiang ZHENG,Ji-chao SUN 2019, 49 (2):  70-75.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.002 Abstract ( 379 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1099KB) ( 586 )   The structure, properties and classification of surfactants are introduced. The weak interactions between molecules of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants have been reviewed. The structure and application of oligomeric surfactants and other new types of surfactants are briefly introduced. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Synthesis and solution properties of polymeric sulfomaleate surfactants Ge XU,Yan-cheng ZHENG,Ping-nan YUAN,Heng ZHENG 2019, 49 (2):  76-82.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.003 Abstract ( 375 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1399KB) ( 435 )   Based on the relationship between the molecular structure and the properties of polymers, maleic anhydride （MA） , polyethylene glycol （PEG） and octanol were used as main raw materials to synthesize active monomers （MOPn） . The active monomers then reacted with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid （AMPS） and acrylamide （AM） to obtain binary and ternary polymers containing -SO3 -, -CONH2 and oxethyl （EO） groups by free radical micellar copolymerization. The structure and thermal stability of terpolymers were characterized by IR and differential thermal analysis （DTA）, respectively. The surface activities of polymers in distilled water and in the presence of inorganic salt in aqueous medium were evaluated. The effects of the monomer ratio on properties were also discussed. The results show that the synthesized bipolymer （PMOPnS） has good water solubility and surface activity, and the bipolymer with molar ratio of active monomers （MOP1000∶AMPS） of 1∶2 has a lower surface tension than the one with a molar ratio of 1∶4. The terpolymer becomes to decompose above 258 ℃. The effects of the molar ratio of monomers and the salt mass concentration on the viscosity of terpolymer solution were investigated. PMOPSA-1, a terpolymer of n（MOP1000） ∶n（AMPS） ∶n（AM）=0.5∶1∶98.5, has good thickening effect and surface/interfacial activity. The viscosities of 2% terpolymer in distilled water and in 2% NaCl solution at 30 ℃ are 1 108 and 1 157 mPa·s, respectively. The surface tension at 30 ℃ and the interfacial tension against kerosene at 45 ℃ for 2% aqueous terpolymer solution in the presence of 2%NaCl+0.1%CaCl2 are 30.43 and 2.09 mN/m, respectively, indicating that PMOPSA-1 has good thermal stability, thickening property and surface/interfacial activity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bactericidal activity of sugar-based cationic gemini surfactants Jun WANG,Xu-zhao YANG,Yu-fei CHEN,Wen-yuan ZOU 2019, 49 (2):  83-86.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.004 Abstract ( 403 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (981KB) ( 368 )   The antibacterial activities of sugar-based cationic gemini surfactants （SGCS） and sugar-based cationic surfactants （SCS） against Escherichia coli （E.coli） and Staphylococcus aureus were determined by the inhibition zone method. The antibacterial activity of SGCS is better than that of SCS. The inhibition zone of SGCS is increased and then decreased with the increasing carbon chain length of SGCS, and C12-SGCS has the optimum antibacterial activity. The bactericidal activities of C12-SGCG and C12-SCS against sulfate reducing bacteria （SRB） , Ferribacteriales （FEB） , Saprophytic bacteria group （TGB）, E.coli and Fusarium graminearum were evaluated. The bactericidal activity of C12-SGCS is better than that of C12-SCS. The bactericidal rates of C12-SGCS at 15 mg/L against SRB, FEB and TGB are all above 99%. SGCS has a good application prospect because of its broad spectrum and high efficiency in bactericidal and antibacterial actions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the performance of weak-gel profile-controlling and flooding system Ji-hong ZHANG,Jian-yi FENG 2019, 49 (2):  87-91.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.005 Abstract ( 359 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1061KB) ( 469 )   For reservoirs with high heterogeneity, low permeability and complex pore structure, the water cut sharply increases in the late-stage development by water injection, and ordinary water flooding and polymer flooding methods are difficult to obtain oil. In contrast, the composite ionic polymer gel has good reservoir adaptability, good compatibility with injected sewage, controllable gelation time, strong adsorption and retention capacity, and good resistance to erosion. Its strong injection ability and wide spread range can not only seal the large pores of the reservoir （namely "profile-controlling"）, but also can drive the remaining oil in the reservoir （namely "flooding"）, and thus can meet the requirements of large-dose injection of the profile-controlling and flooding system. In this paper, formula optimization and performance evaluation were both carried out for the profile-controlling and flooding system based on composite ionic gel. The experimental results show that the system has good salt resistance, shear resistance, thermal stability and viscoelasticity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and properties of sunscreen microcapsules containing with 3 kinds of ultraviolet absorbents Shu-chang YUAN,Yuan-yuan KANG,Lin-lin YU,Xue-ting LI,Xi-hua LU 2019, 49 (2):  92-97.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.006 Abstract ( 515 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (2193KB) ( 424 )   The sunscreen microcapsules were prepared by interfacial free-radical polymerization, with poly （ethylene glycol） dimethacrylate （PEGDMA） as shell material and the mixture of homosalate （HMS）, avobenzone （AVB） and octocrilene （OCT） as core material. The morphologies of PEGDMA microcapsules prepared at different core composition and with different amounts of shell were explored by optical microscope （OM）. The chemical structure, particle size distribution and the morphology of microcapsules were characterized by FT-IR, particle size & zeta potential analyzer （Nano-zs） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）, respectively. The thermal stability of microcapsules and encapsulation efficiency were obtained by thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. The values of sun protection factor （SPF） of microcapsules were measured on a UV transmittance analyzer. The results show that when m（AVB） ∶m（OCT） ∶m（HMS）=1∶2∶3 in the core, and the mass concentration of PEGDMA （the material for building shell） is 6%, the microcapsules thus prepared will have a spherical morphology, indicative of an encapsulation efficiency of 73.55%. Moreover, the sunscreen microcapsules lead to obviously higher SPF values compared with the naked mixture of HMS, AVB and OCT in sunscreen creams. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and the antioxidation study of the chemically modified derivatives of caffeic acid Dong WANG,Xue ZHAO,Jing-jiu SONG,Jun ZHU 2019, 49 (2):  98-102.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.007 Abstract ( 437 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (845KB) ( 722 )   Caffeoyl glycine ethyl ester, caffeoyl alanine ethyl ester, caffeoyl serine ethyl ester and caffeoyl threonine ethyl ester were synthesized from L-amino acid ethyl ester hydrochloride with caffeic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of 1-（3-dimethylaminopropyl）-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride （EDC） and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole （HOBt） . The structure of the products after the reaction was characterized by 1H NMR and HPLC-MS. The inhibitory rates against DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical and the erythrocyte membrane irritation were investigated for the chemically modified products of caffeic acid which were compared with caffeic acid. The results show that all these four caffeic acid amide derivatives show good inhibition against DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals, which have introduced glycine ethyl ester, alanine ethyl ester, serine ethyl ester, and threonine ethyl ester in the molecular structure of caffeic acid. The caffeic acid amide derived from serine ethyl ester has the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals （IC50=13.5 μmol/L）, while the one derived from alanine ethyl ester is the strongest in scavenging hydroxyl radicals with an IC50value of 0.214 mmol/L. The results of red blood cell hemolysis show that all these four caffeic acid amide derivatives exihibit lower hemolysis ratios than caffeic acid. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement of proteases stability in liquid laundry detergent Mei-na WU,Lei LI,Yong-mei XIA,Xiang LIU,Hai-jun WANG 2019, 49 (2):  103-107.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.008 Abstract ( 661 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (1027KB) ( 598 )   With borax as control, the effects of 16 stabilizers of citrate, polyols and esters, temperature, pH and amount of stabilizer on the stability of three proteases in liquid laundry detergent were investigated, and the effects of surfactants AES, AEO and APG on the activity of protease were also investigated based on the main components of liquid laundry detergent. Results show that the stability of citrate, especially calcium ammonium citrate, is the best, and the stability of APG0810 and APG1214 is close to that of borax. When the amount of protease was 0.5%, the three-week activity retention rates of protease stabilized by calcium ammonium citrate-APG0810-APG1214 ternary complex stabilizer system, Purafect 4000L and Purafect Prime 4000L complex stabilizer at pH=7 and 25 ℃ were 84.3% and 71.5%, respectively; the three-week activity retention rates at pH=8 and 37 ℃ were 47.2% and 30.4%, respectively; and the three-week activity retention rates of protease stabilized by borax at pH=7 and 37 ℃ were 2.87% and 13.5%, respectively. In addition, AES can significantly reduce the enzyme activity, while non-ionic surfactants AEO7 and AEO9 did not. However, the mixing of AEO and AES cannot reduce the damage of AES to the enzyme activity. It can be considered to increase the use of APG and AEO in liquid enzyme-enhanced detergents. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of epoxycedrane catalyzed by quaternary ammonium peroxy phosphotungstate Wei-lin GAO,Kai ZHU 2019, 49 (2):  108-112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.009 Abstract ( 458 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 493 )   A catalyst, namely quaternary ammonium peroxy phosphotungstate, was prepared using sodium tungstate, phosphoric acid, hydrogen peroxide and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. The structure and thermal stability of the catalyst were characterized by infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG）. The synthesized catalyst was used in the epoxidation of α-cedrene using H2O2 as oxidant and without any solvent. The effects of reaction conditions on the epoxidation were studied. The optimized reaction conditions were obtained as follows: the reaction temperature was 60 ℃; the reaction time was 3.5 h; the molar ratio of raw materials was n（H2O2）∶n（α-cedrene）=1∶2; the catalyst and cocatalyst （Na2HPO4） were added in the amounts corresponding to 3.0% and 1.6% of H2O2, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield of epoxycedrane, the conversion of α-cedrene and the epoxy-product selectivity were 65.7%, 90.1% and 72.9%, respectively. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Mechanism of skin melanin formation and its intervention Zhuo-yi CHEN,Xiao-ying LIU,Ya-ting ZHENG,Ting HONG,Tan-lin LIU,Zhi-yun DU 2019, 49 (2):  113-117.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.010 Abstract ( 1064 )   HTML ( 50 )   PDF (942KB) ( 1483 )   The mechanism of skin melanin formation is closely related to the study of whitening. Therefore, the formation mechanism of skin melanin and its regulation at the cellular level were reviewed. The intervention mechanism of melanin, including the synthesis pathway, transportation pathway, decomposition and metabolism, and the intervention and regulation of internal and external factors were also deeply analyzed. Finally, the future research trend of skin melanin was prospected. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cosmetic mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum and itsdevelopment in cosmetics Qian WANG,Jia-chan ZHANG,Chang-tao WANG,Quan AN 2019, 49 (2):  118-125.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.011 Abstract ( 796 )   HTML ( 31 )   PDF (859KB) ( 999 )   The differences of components of Ganoderma lucidum from different origins, different growth conditions, different species and parts were summarized. The molecular mechanisms and the cosmetic brands and ingredients containing Ganoderma lucidum at the current stage were outlined in this review. Then, we pointed out its development defects and technical deficiencies in the market through the above analysis. This review aims to lay a certain theoretical foundation for the application of Ganoderma lucidum in cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of 14 sunscreen agents in sunscreen cosmetics by gas chromatography Hui-bin ZHU,Xue-ping WANG 2019, 49 (2):  126-131.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.012 Abstract ( 478 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (930KB) ( 386 )   A method for simultaneous determination of 14 sunscreen agents in sunscreen cosmetics was established by gas chromatography, with ultrasonic extraction of sunscreen agents in sunscreen cosmetics carried out by DB-5MS capillary column separation and hydrogen flame ionization detector. The results show that the linearity of 14 sunscreen agents is good in the range of 0.5-100.0 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.999 3. The detection limit is 0.05-0.15 mg/kg, the limit of quantification is 0.17-0.50 mg/kg; the relative standard deviation is 1.1%-3.1%, and the recovery rate of the spiked standards are 91.7%-100.1%. The method has the advantages of simple operation, high recovery rate, good precision and low detection limit, and can provide a detection method for determining the type and content of the sunscreen agent in the sunscreen cosmetic. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of octyl hydroxamic acid in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography Fa-jin LI,Shi-wei LI,Rui-xue LIU,Qun-ying LENG 2019, 49 (2):  132-134.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2019.02.013 Abstract ( 739 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (883KB) ( 752 )   A method for the determination of octyl hydroxamic acid in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was established. ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column （4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm） was used. The mobile phase was water and acetonitrile, the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, the column temperature was 25 ℃, the detection wavelength was 220 nm and the injection volume was 10 μL. The results show that the peak area has a good linear relationship with the mass concentration of octanoyl hydroxamic acid in the range of 10-200 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient is 0.999 9 （n=5）. The limit of detection is 5 mg/kg. The recoveries of octyl hydroxamic acid at different spiked levels are 96.28%-101.23% with the relative standard deviations （RSD） less than 2.43%. This method is simple operation, high precision, high recovery and good reproducibility, and can be used to detect octyl hydroxamic acid in cosmetics. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics