Table of Content

22 October 2014, Volume 44 Issue 10 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Basic research

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W/O Pickering emulsions prepared with organo-attapulgite particles ZHANG Fang-fang, QUAN Li-na, CHEN Hao, ZHAO Jie 2014, 44 (10):  541-545.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.121 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (2131KB) ( 470 )   Attapulgite ore was selected and its surface was modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane to prepare nano-particles.Then the new nano-particles were used for preparing emulsion.The effects of factors such as pH of the system,mass fraction of the nano-particles and volume fraction of the oil phase on stability of the Pickering emulsion were systematically investigated.Results showed that with increase of pH of the dispersion system,average diameter of emulsion droplets increases first,then decreases and then increases and decreases again.When mass fraction of the nano-particles increases,amount of the nano-particles that can be used to stabilize the emulsion increases,results in improvement of emulsion stability.Following increase of volume fraction of the oil phase,average diameter of the emulsion droplets increases first,then decreases and then increases and decreases again.W/O emulsion stabilized by organo-modified attapulgite nano-particles was successfully prepared by adjusting the pH of the aqueous phase. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and kinetics of diisopropyl succinate LI Xiang, DING Bin, HAO Feng-ling, GUAN Chang, WANG Hai-dong, LIU Qun 2014, 44 (10):  546-549.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.122 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (806KB) ( 439 )   Diisopropyl succinate was prepared using succinic acid and isopropanol as starting materials,cation exchange resin (NKC-9) as catalyst and based upon 3A zeolite adsorbing dehydration technology.Effect of reaction conditions,such as mole ratio of isopropanol to succinic acid,catalyst dosage as well as reaction time et al.on the conversion was investigated.The kinetic data of this system were measured.Suitable reaction conditions were identified as:n(isopropanol):n(succinic acid)=3.5:1;NKC-9 dosage,9% of the total mass of isopropanol and succinic acid;reaction temperature not higher than 100 ℃ for 2 h.Results showed that conversion of succinic acid can reach 99.16%;the synthesis of diisopropyl succinate is a second-order reaction on NKC-9 catalyst;the apparent activation energy is 73.4 kJ·mol-1;and the pre-exponential factor is 1.62×107 L·mol-1·min-1. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lecture of science and technology

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Performance and applications of surfactants (Ⅹ) Adsorption effect of surfactants and applications ZHAO Li, DENG Cheng-long, XU Bao-cai 2014, 44 (10):  550-554.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.123 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 510 )   Adsorption mechanisms and characteristics of surfactants on the gas-liquid,liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interface were described.Factors affecting the adsorption of surfactant at the three aforesaid interfaces were separately discussed in detail.Finally,progress in research work with respect to several application fields of adsorption effect of surfactants was introduced. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Synthesis and performance of bis-(nonylphenyl alkyl ether) sulfonate Gemini surfactants LIU Xiao-yan, TANG Sheng-hui, ZHU Guang-jun 2014, 44 (10):  555-559.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.124 Abstract ( 240 )   PDF (920KB) ( 307 )   Two kinds of bis-(nonylphenyl alkyl ether) sulfonate Gemini surfactant were synthesized with nonyl phenol,dibromo alkanes and chloro sulfonic acid as main starting materials.Ultrasonic wave was applied to the synthesis of the intermediates.Reaction conditions of the bis-ether intermediates were optimized by orthogonal designed experiments,and the effect of ultrasonic power on the yield was investigated.Structures of the products were characterized by FTIR,HPLC/MS and 1HNMR.The surface activity,emulsifying performance and foam performance of the products were studied.Methyl silicone oil was emulsified by a blend emulsifier of the product Gemini A and Span 80.Results showed that the suitable reaction conditions for synthesis of the intermediates are:n(nonyl phenol):n(dibromo alkanes)=2.02:1;alkali dosage,20% (mass fraction);reaction temperature,65 ℃ for 1.5 h and with ultrasonic power of 250 W.Gemini surfactants display a higher surface activity and better emulsification and foam performance.Stable silicone oil emulsion is obtained with blend emulsifier containing the Gemini surfactant. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Property investigation of dodecyl benzyl sulfobetaine as phosphate-free detergent builder DONG Yan-chao, LI Ling, FANG Yun, WEN Di 2014, 44 (10):  560-563.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.125 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (773KB) ( 420 )   Properties of N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-benzyl sulfobetaine (DBSB) as a phosphate-free detergent builder to replace 4A zeolite were investigated.Results showed that lime soap dispersion power (LSDP) of DBSB achieves 3%.When LAS is blended with DBSB,its calcium tolerance is enhanced.In case the mass fraction of DBSB in the blend system of LAS and DBSB achieves 15%,its calcium tolerance can be elevated from 5 mmol·L-1 to 30 mmol·L-1.Formulating DBSB into standard phosphate-free laundry powder to replace 4A zeolite will retain its good detergency with significant improvement of resistance to hard water.Via orthogonal designed experiments,an optimized formulation 5 was recommended that shows better detergency in water with hardness of 250 and 400 mg·L-1 as comparing with 4A zeolite formulated phosphate-free laundry powder formulation 6.In addition,residual ash content caused from the laundry powder formulation 5 is lower than that from formulation 6;the DBSB formulated product displays lower foam with all other specifications,such as pH,total active matter content and free alkalinity in conformity with that specified in the China national standard. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of kinetics with respect to action of flavonoid from mulberry leaves on inhibition of activity of tyrosinase FU Jian-hong, QI Rui, ZHENG Jing, ZHOU Chen-jie, CHEN Qing-xi 2014, 44 (10):  564-567.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.126 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (804KB) ( 316 )   Flavonoid was extracted from powder of mulberry leaves planted in Xinjiang with 60% (vol) ethanol aqueous solution under assistance of ultrasonic wave.Adopting enzymatic kinetic method,inhibitory action of the extract on tyrosinase activity was studied using L-dopa as the substrate.Results showed that the flavonoid extract displays rather strong inhibitory action on activity of tyrosinase.Its IC50 was estimated as 0.2 g·L-1.The inhibition mechanism was studied and it was found that the reaction is reversible and type of the inhibition belongs to the mixed type,with the inhibition equilibrium constants for inhibitor binding with free enzyme KI and with enzyme-substrate complex KIS were determined as 366 and 873 mg·L-1 respectively.The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical test results showed that the flavonoid extract has the antioxidant activity to a certain extent.The IC50 is 25 mg·L-1 that is similar to vitamin C. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of cosmetological efficacy of Dendrobium nobile prescriptions at cell theoretical level FENG Bing, WU Yue, ZHAO Ya, FANG Cheng, ZHU Le 2014, 44 (10):  568-571.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.127 Abstract ( 481 )   PDF (1523KB) ( 348 )   Dendrobium nobile prescriptions were extracted with distilled water and the mass concentration of Dendrobium nobile in the extract is 0.5 g·mL-1.Effects of Dendrobium nobile in the extract on mitochondrial activity of epidermal keratinous cell were detected with XTT colorimetry,as well as cell proliferation observed and effect on cellular ATP contents of HaCaT cell detected.Effects of Dendrobium nobile in the extract on the inhibition of activity of melanin cell tyrosinase and formation of melanin were detected with dopa staining,et al.Effects of Dendrobium nobile prescriptions in the extract on expression of moisturizing related proteins in keratinous cell HaCaT was detected with immunofluorescence method.Results showed that the extracts of Dendrobium nobile prescriptions with mass concentration of 2.5 g·L-1 can significantly increase the mitochondrial activity of epidermal keratinous cell and cellular ATP content as comparing with that of the control group and can apparently promote proliferation of HaCaT cell.Further,melanin content in melanophore is significantly reduced and activity of tyrosinase is inhibited without affecting cell state in vitro model of the melanocyte and HaCaT cell co-culture system.Meanwhile,the extract of Dendrobium nobile prescriptions also can promote the expression of the aquaglyceroporin of keratinous cell protein AQP3,tight junctions protein ZO-1 and Claudin-1. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergistic effect of several kinds of whitening agent on inhibition of tyrosinase activity WANG Rui-xue, ZHAO Zhen, ZHONG Yan, LI Xiao-di, WANG Zhi-yong 2014, 44 (10):  572-576.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.128 Abstract ( 779 )   PDF (870KB) ( 681 )   Synergistic action of joint application of glabridin,3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid and nicotinamide on tyrosinase activity was investigated using the tyrosinase cell-free system and B16 melanoma cell model.Results showed that in both systems,glabridin displays the highest tyrosinase inhibition efficacy.Via orthogonal designed experiment,action of glabridin in blends of the three kinds of whitening agent on inhibition of tyrosinase activity is identified as the highest.Further test with tyrosinase cell-free system and B16 melanoma system proved that joint use of glabridin of mass concentration 3.125 mg·L-1 with nicotinamide and 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid of separate mass concentrations can significantly enhance the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity.Comparison of experimental results showed that the blend of glabridin and nicotinamide displays the maximum synergistic inhibition action on tyrosinase activity as well as the best whitening efficacy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of lotions based on blending of Paphia undulate small molecule peptides and aloe extract CHEN Xiao-gang, PANG Xiu-ping, CHEN Xin, SUN Hui-li, CHEN Hua, LIN Juan-hua 2014, 44 (10):  577-579.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.129 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (795KB) ( 390 )   Lotions were prepared by blending Paphia undulate small molecule peptides and aloe extract with separate mass fractions.Scavenging ratio of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical of the lotion product were investigated,and a better formulation was identified.Experimental results showed that,under room temperature,the lotion product made from 0.8% of Paphia undulate small molecule peptides and 0.1% of aloe extract shows better antioxidizing performance.Scavenging ratio for hydroxyl radical of the lotion product reaches 73.7% and scavenging ratio for superoxide anion radical reaches 75.1%.Sensory organ indices and physicochemical indices of the lotion product are in conformity with that specified in trade standards of China cosmetic industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of basic environmental factors on stability of α-arbutin and β-arbutin QIN Liang, LIU You-ting, CHEN Yi-ming, ZHANG Peng 2014, 44 (10):  580-583.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.130 Abstract ( 364 )   PDF (808KB) ( 419 )   Effects of environmental factors on stability of α-arbutin by detecting if there was hydroquinone produced in α-arbutin solution using high performance liquid chromatography was analyzed.Meanwhile,the difference of stability between α-arbutin and β-arbutin under separate basic environmental conditions was compared.Results showed that,up to temperature 100 ℃,α-arbutin remains stable;under pH of 1 and 13,α-arbutin becomes unstable,and under pH of nearby neutral condition,α-arbutin performs stable;light and ultraviolet irradiation have an impact on the stability of α-arbutin.Comparison between stability of two kinds of arbutin vs.pH and light factors,they perform the same stability test results;while under different temperature condition,β-arbutin performs unstable under 60 ℃. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Progress in field of research work with respect to vesicles of bola-form surfactant self-assembly LIU Rui, WANG Xiang-mei, HU Ya-peng 2014, 44 (10):  584-589.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.131 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (1344KB) ( 740 )   Structure features of bola-form surfactants were introduced,and the principle for formation of mono-molecular vesicles of bola-form surfactants,as well as the mutual transformation and difference between vesicles and micelles was summarized in detail.Progress in field of research work with respect to vesicles of bola-form surfactant self-assembly was described.Meanwhile,its applications in fields of nanomaterials,catalysis,controlled release drugs,simulated biological ion channels et al.were discussed.Finally,the future development of the research work with respect to bola-form surfactants was prospected. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of emulsifiers in pharmaceutical formulations CHEN Cheng 2014, 44 (10):  590-593.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.132 Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (796KB) ( 714 )   Application status of emulsifiers such as lecithin,poloxamer,Arabic gum,Tween and Span for pharmaceutical preparations in recent years were summarized.Basic physicochemical properties of separate emulsifiers,as well as their application features,suitable applying scope and way of preparation were described.Following the development of nonionic emulsifiers trending head and tail changing,as well as grafting and blending,their applications in field of pharmaceutical preparation will be extended due to their outstanding performances. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Determination of polyphosphates in detergent by ion chromatography LING Yue-tao, WANG Fan, GUO Shao-fei, YANG Shun-feng, ZHANG Lin 2014, 44 (10):  594-596.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.10.133 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (757KB) ( 507 )   A method for simultaneous determination of four kinds of phosphate by ion chromatography in detergent product was established.The detergent sample was dissolved in water for injection.NaOH solution was used as gradient elution agent and the anions were separated by AS11-HC column (250 mm×4 mm).Content of the four kinds of phosphate were quantified by conductivity detector.The peak area vs. mass concentration exhibits linearity in the range of 5.0-100.0 mg·L-1.The lowest limits of detection of phosphate,pyrophosphate,tripolyphosphate and trimetaphosphate are 0.2,0.5,0.5 and 0.1 g·kg-1 respectively.The spiked recoveries are in the range of 96.20%-103.40%.The relative standard deviations are 1.98%-3.81%. References | Related Articles | Metrics