Table of Content

22 May 2025, Volume 55 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Invited paper

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Synthesis of monodisperse silica nanoparticles via modified Stöber method and their applications: A review Shijian Xiu, Yeru Bao, Bo Quan 2025, 55 (5):  539-547.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.001 Abstract ( 67 )   HTML ( 357 )   PDF (2390KB) ( 19 )   Among various inorganic materials, silica nanoparticles have gained considerable attention due to their remarkable characteristics, including large specific surface area, strong surface adsorption capacity, non-toxic nature, and excellent physicochemical stability. These unique properties render them particularly advantageous for diverse applications spanning adsorption processes, ceramic engineering, catalytic systems, pharmaceutical development, and daily chemical industries, which has driven extensive research efforts in recent decades. The Stöber method, recognized as a benchmark sol-gel technique, has been widely adopted for synthesizing highly uniform, monodisperse silica nanoparticles with precisely controllable particle sizes and tailorable surface properties. Given that the physicochemical characteristics of silica nanoparticles exhibit strong size-dependent behavior, and considering the varying size requirements across different application fields, numerous modified Stöber-based strategies have been developed to engineer silica nanoparticles with optimized dimensions, narrower size distributions, and sophisticated morphological architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced Stöber synthesis methodologies. Special emphasis is placed on emerging applications of these engineered nanoparticles in biomedical technologies and innovative daily chemical formulations. Through systematic analysis, this work aims to establish theoretical frameworks and practical guidelines for designing silica nanoparticle-based functional materials that address evolving industrial challenges. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MOFs-Functionalized melamine sponge columns combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of parabens in cosmetics Pinyi Ma, Jingkang Li, Dejiang Gao, Daqian Song 2025, 55 (5):  548-553.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.002 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 315 )   PDF (1203KB) ( 24 )   This study developed a high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method that leverages a functionalized melamine sponge as a sample pre-treatment material for the quantitative determination of paraben preservatives （PBs） in cosmetics. Utilizing the adhesive properties of polyvinylidene fluoride, the metal-organic framework material, MIL-68（Al）, was effectively combined with melamine sponge （MeS） to create an efficient adsorbent, MIL-68（Al）/MeS. This novel material was used as a solid-phase extraction medium to isolate and quantify four types of PBs from various cosmetic samples. The method demonstrates excellent analytical performance, characterized by detection limits ranging from 0.24 to 0.43 ng/mL and a broad linear range of 5.00 to 200.00 ng/mL. The developed method exhibits robust intra-day and inter-day precision with recovery rates between 91.8%-98.4% and 101.4%-107.9%, respectively, and maintained a relative standard deviation （RSD） below 11.6%. Notably, this analytical procedure eliminates the need for centrifugation and filtration steps, significantly simplifying the sample preparation process while ensuring high recovery rates. The MIL-68（Al）/MeS composite is not only effective in adsorbing the target analytes but also enhances the efficiency of the extraction process. By reducing the complexity and time required for sample preparation, this method offers a practical and effective approach to ensuring product safety and compliance with regulatory standards. It also holds potential as an educational tool in analytical chemistry, providing a hands-on experience for undergraduate students through innovative experiments. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Basic research

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Interactions, surface activity and applications of the mixed system of polyhydroxy cationic surfactant and AES Shuai Gao, Yajie Jiang, Lu Zhang, Jun Li, Yakui Wang, Zhifei Wang, Tao Geng 2025, 55 (5):  554-562.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.003 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1948KB) ( 22 )   The performance of the mixtures of a polyhydroxy cationic surfactant, MDAE, and an anionic surfactant, sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate （AES）, was studied. The interfacial activity, surface tension, critical micelle concentration （cmc）, wetting ability and foam stability of the mixed system at different mixing ratios were measured. The results showed that, compared with single surfactants, the cmc of the mixed system significantly decreased, and both surface and interfacial activities were notably enhanced, indicative of significant synergistic effect. At the optimal mixing ratio （n（MDAE） ∶n（AES）=1∶9）, the mixed system exhibited good foam stability and strong wetting ability. This work indicated that the synergism between MDAE and AES could significantly improve the surface activity and application performance, and the mixed system had great potential for industrial applications. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the phase behavior of liquid crystals formed in lecithin systems Wanping Zhang, Jie Chen, Shanshan Wang, Jie Gu, Zhi Lv, Qianjie Zhang 2025, 55 (5):  563-572.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.004 Abstract ( 52 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (3371KB) ( 24 )   The studies of the phase behavior of lecithin systems are of great significance for understanding the formation mechanism of liquid crystal systems. Such studies include the phase transition under different conditions as well as the aggregate structure induced by intermolecular interactions. To find the rule for the formation of liquid crystal structure of soybean lecithin, the effects of co-emulsifiers on the phase changes for different mass fractions of lecithin at different temperatures were investigated in the form of binary phase diagrams. The results showed that after mixed with cholesterol, soybean lecithin at mass fraction range of 20%-35% at room temperature could form liquid crystal exhibiting regular and bright Maltese crosses. The effects of oil type and content on the formation of liquid crystal structure of lecithin systems were studied by pseudo-ternary phase diagram. It was found that for the case of a single oil, those ester oils （e.g., GTCC and JOJOBA） would contribute to the formation of liquid crystal structure in the emulsion. The phase region of liquid crystal-structured emulsion was the largest area for the case of 16%-20% mixed oils （m（white oil）∶m（GTCC）∶m（JOJOBA）=1∶1∶1）, and the Maltese crosses denoting liquid crystal structure were bright. The oscillatory rheological test showed that the linear viscoelastic region of liquid crystal emulsion was larger than that of ordinary emulsion, indicative of better stability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Development and application

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Preparation of a CdS/g-C3N4 composite and its performance in photocatalytic degradation of congo red Yan Zhu, Wei Li, Xiaoyan Qiu 2025, 55 (5):  573-580.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.005 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1484KB) ( 16 )   A CdS/g-C3N4 composite was prepared by hydrothermal method using cadmium sulfide （CdS） and graphitic carbon nitride （g-C3N4） as precursors. This CdS/g-C3N4 composite material had high specific surface area and rich mesoporous structure. The average grain size was 11.0 nm and the band gap energy was 2.43 eV. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrum showed a significant red shift, and the spectral absorption range became wider. The typical emission peak intensity in fluorescence spectrum was significantly lower than that of the pure-phase material, which realized the efficient photoelectron-hole separation. Congo red （CR） dye was used as the target pollutant to carry out photocatalytic experiments. When 30 mg CdS/g-C3N4 composite was added to 100 mL of CR dye solution with a mass concentration of 20 mg/L at pH of 7.0, the removal percentage of CR was 95.99%, and the CdS/g-C3N4 composite material showed good stability. Mechanism analysis showed that the efficient degradation of CR dye was achieved under the synergistic effect of electric field and highly active superoxide anion radicals （·O2-） in the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effect and mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa extract on mice with solar dermatitis Yuewen Ma, Xiaojing Li, Xuefeng Huang, Xian Chen, Chunli Wang 2025, 55 (5):  581-590.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.006 Abstract ( 59 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (7690KB) ( 24 )   The paper aimed to study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Hedyotis diffusa extract on mice with ultraviolet B （UVB）-induced solar dermatitis. KM mice were subjected to UVB irradiation for 7 days, which were also treated with topical application of 1% and 2% Hedyotis diffusa extract. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining, and picric acid-acidic magenta method （VG） staining were performed to observe the state of mouse skin. The levels of oxidative stress indicators NOS, NO, T-SOD, and inflammation indicators TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were detected by biochemistry and immunohistochemistry, and the mRNA or protein levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, NF-κB, HMGB1 and p65 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting in skin tissues. Compared with the UVB group, the degree of skin damage in mice in the 1% and 2% Hedyotis diffusa extract groups is improved, with collagen fibers aligned, collagen density increased, NOS and NO levels decreased, T-SOD levels increased, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β expression levels decreased, mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, NQO1, and GCLC in skin tissue increased, NF-κB, HMGB1 mRNA expression levels decreased, the relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, and p65 in skin tissues increased, and the protein expression level of HMGB1 decreased. It can be seen that Hedyotis diffusa extract can ameliorate UVB-mediated solar dermatitis in mice, and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanism may be related to Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and properties of oleyl alcohol alkoxylates Ping Li, Zhengwei Zhang, Jie Chai, Peiyu Ren, Shuoyu Wang, Jiayi Sun 2025, 55 (5):  591-600.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.007 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (4292KB) ( 14 )   Oleyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers （OEn, n=3, 5, 7） and oleyl alcohol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether （OE3P3） were synthesized from oleyl alcohol by alkoxylation. Their surface activity, and wetting, emulsifying and foaming properties were studied, as well as the properties of those liquid crystal emulsions prepared with them as emulsifiers. The results showed that the apparent critical micelle concentration （cmc） of OEn decreased with the increase of EO addition number, and the surface tension （γcmc） at the apparent critical micelle concentration was 33-34 mN/m. The surface activity of OE3P3 was quite close to that of OE3. As the EO addition number of OEn was increased, the dynamic surface activity and wetting ability were enhanced. Compared with OE3 and OE7, OE5 exhibited lower emulsifying ability and higher foam stability. Introducing PO groups into OE3 molecule could improve its dynamic surface activity, wetting ability, and emulsifying ability, but significantly reduce its foam stability. All emulsions prepared with these oleyl alcohol alkoxylates as emulsifiers formed lamellar liquid crystals and behaved as shear-thinning system. The emulsion added with OE3 had good stability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of the action of apigenin and proanthocyanidins in alleviating sensitive skin Laijiao Wei, Rongrong Deng, Shiqian Zheng, Luoxuan Li, Kezheng Wang, Zhibin Shen 2025, 55 (5):  601-610.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.008 Abstract ( 63 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (2726KB) ( 17 )   To investigate the mechanisms of apigenin （API） and proanthocyanidins （PC） in soothing sensitive skin （SS）, a mast cell degranulation model was established by stimulating RBL-2H3 cells with the calcium ionophore A23187. Based on the combinatorial experiments, it was found that when API and PC were combined at the molar ratios of 4∶1 and 2∶1, they exhibited the antagonistic effects on histamine release （combination index CI>1）; when they are combined at the molar ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2 or 1∶4, they showed the synergistic effects on histamine release （CI<1）. Among them, the combination of API and PC at a molar ratio of 1∶1 showed the better potent synergistic antihistamine release effect （CI=0.70）. Histamine is a hallmark of the mast cell degranulation, consequently, the combination of API and PC at a molar ratio of 1∶1 yields the better efficiency in inhibiting the mast cell degranulation with the lowest IC50 value. Compared to the utilization of API or PC alone, the IC50 value was reduced by 11.150 and 6.503 µmol/L, respectively. Compared to the positive control paeonol （PA）, the treatment with the combination significantly reduced the β-hex secretion, decreased the F-actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and markedly suppressed the release of TNF-α, IL-4, and MCP-1. Further studies on the signaling pathways related to the mast cell degranulation indicated that the combination effectively inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ influx and significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase （CaMK） and phospholipase C/protein kinase C （PLC/PKC）. In summary, the combination of API and PC at a molar ratio of 1∶1 exhibited the better synergistic antagonistic effect on the histamine release, inhibited the mast cell degranulation model activation by reducing Ca2+ influx and inhibiting the activation of Ca2+/CaMK and PLC/PKC pathways, stabilized the cell membranes, regulated the inflammatory factor secretion, and exerted an effect in alleviating sensitive skin. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the preparation and properties of graphene-polyvinyl chloride composites Jun Li, Han Wu 2025, 55 (5):  611-615.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.009 Abstract ( 54 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1835KB) ( 12 )   In this paper, a solution blending method was selected to prepare graphene-polyvinyl chloride composites with different mass fractions （0%, 2%, 4%, 6%） of graphene. The mechanical properties and microscopic morphology, electrical conductivity and thermal weight loss of the composites were analyzed. It is found that with the increase of graphene content, the tensile strength and hardness of graphene-polyvinyl chloride composite materials gradually increase. When the graphene content is 4wt%, the tensile strength and the hardness reach the maximum values of 25.8 MPa and 49.2°, respectively. The conductivity analysis reveals that the conductivity of the graphene-polyvinyl chloride composite material increases exponentially with the increase of graphene content, reaching its maximum value at a graphene content of 6wt%. The SEM analysis shows that there are many gaps in the section and matrix of pure PVC. After the introduction of graphene, the fracture is gradually refined and a lamellar structure appears. The PVC molecules are effectively attached to the surface. The analysis shows that with the increase of graphene content, the thermal stability of the graphene-polyvinyl chloride composite material is significantly improved, and the carbon residue increases with the increase of graphene content at 500 ℃, reaching 48.3% at a graphene content of 6wt%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Elucidating the potential mechanism of Rhodiola crenulata on improving skin telangiectasia based on network pharmacology Binya Wang, Yang Yang, Qianghua Quan, Quan An, Cheng Yang, Bingtian Zhao 2025, 55 (5):  616-624.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.010 Abstract ( 58 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (3241KB) ( 19 )   Based on network pharmacology and experimental verification, the improvement of Rhodiola cernulata（R. crenulata） on skin telangiectasia was investigated to provide scientific basis for its comprehensive utilization in cosmetics, food and other fields. The active ingredients of R. cernulata were retrieved from SymMap and TCMIP database. Targets related to R. crenulata and skin telangiectasia were predicted using Swiss Target Prediction and Genecards database. The interactions between proteins were analyzed using String and the KEGG signaling pathways enrichment analysis were performed further. Finally, in vitro cell experiments were used to preliminarily verify the improvement of R. crenulate on skin telangiectasia. A total of 14 active ingredients of R. crenulata are selected to obtain 253 corresponding targets and 2 646 targets related to skin telangiectasia, of which 164 are intersection targets. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis show that R. crenulata may play a role in inhibiting skin telangiectasia through Ras, VEGF, HIF-1, and other signaling pathways related to angiogenesis. In vitro cell experiment results show that R. crenulata extract can significantly inhibit the secretion of VEGF in keratinocytes （HaCaT） induced by TNF-α, and it further inhibit the proliferation, migration and formation of tubular structures of human umbilical can vein endothelial cells （HUVEC） induced by VEGF, which reflect the potential value of R. crenulata in treating skin telangiectasia. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and properties of biodegradable polyester materials for packaging Pengpeng Li, Wuwei Li 2025, 55 (5):  625-632.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.011 Abstract ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (2118KB) ( 16 )   In this paper, polylactic acid/polyester system was prepared by melt blending of polyethylene terephthalate （PET） and polylactic acid （PLA） with tetrabutyl titanate as solubilizer. The effects of the proportion of PLA on the micromorphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties and biodegradability of the system were studied. The results show that the blends formed by melt blending of PET and PLA have good compatibility without obvious interface and agglomeration. The thermal stability of polylactic acid/polyester blend is improved with the increase of PLA mass fraction, and the carbon residue rate decreases with the increase of PLA mass fraction. The tensile strength and fracture elongation of PLA blend with 30% mass fraction reach the maximum value of 55.1 MPa and 16.2%, which are 39.50% and 48.62% higher than that of the pure PET, respectively. The notch impact strength is 27.9 kJ/m2, which is 108.21% higher than that of the pure PET. The corresponding hardness is 92 HR. The biodegradation rate of polylactic acid/polyester blend in buffer increases with the increase of PLA mass fraction. At 28 d of degradation, the notch impact strength of the blend with 30% PLA mass fraction is 27.9 kJ/m2, indicating the best mechanical properties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of dandelion polyphenols Shiya Xie, Mingwei Liu, Lei Xiao, Shaolin Hu 2025, 55 (5):  633-639.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.012 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1737KB) ( 22 )   The study aimed to reveal the antibacterial activity of dandelion polyphenols （DP） against common skin pathogens and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, six common skin pathogens were treated with different concentrations of dandelion polyphenols for 24 hours, and the minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and the diameter of bacteriostatic zone were measured. CCK-8 kit was used to detect the toxicity of dandelion polyphenols to RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were divided into Blank group, LPS group, LPS+10 DP group, LPS+50 DP group, LPS+100 DP group, LPS+200 DP group, LPS+400 DP group, LPS+800 DP group and LPS+1 600 DP group. The cells were treated with saline, LPS （1 μg/mL） and different concentrations of dandelion polyphenols for 24 hours. The content of NO was measured by visible spectrophotometry. The mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin （IL）-1β and IL-6 were detected by RT-qPCR. The phosphorylation levels of NF-kappa B （NF-κB） p65 and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK） were detected by Western blotting. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The results show that the MIC of dandelion polyphenols against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Cutibacterium acnes are 400, 400, 400, 800, 800 and 400 μg/mL, respectively. When the concentration of dandelion polyphenols is over 800 μg/mL, all the six pathogens have obvious bacteriostatic circles （P<0.001）. The concentration of dandelion polyphenols in the range of 10 to 1 600 μg/mL is non-toxic to RAW264.7 cells （P>0.05）. Compared with LPS group, NO content and relative levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells in LPS+100 DP group, LPS+200 DP group, LPS+400 DP group, LPS+800 DP group and LPS+1 600 DP group decrease （P<0.05）, the relative phosphorylation levels of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK decrease （P<0.05）, and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 decreases. The above results indicate that dandelion polyphenols have antibacterial activity against common skin pathogens, and can inhibit LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation and the activation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reviews

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Synthesis and development of organosilicon quaternary ammonium surfactants Xiangji Meng, Jingru Wang, Yunkai Wang, Lifei Zhi, Guoyong Wang, Jiaqian Yang 2025, 55 (5):  640-648.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.013 Abstract ( 48 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1354KB) ( 25 )   Organosilicon quaternary ammonium surfactants not only have the excellent performance of silicone materials, but also have the bactericidal, softening and antistatic properties of quaternary ammonium groups. Therefore, they are multi-functional surfactants and have attracted much attention for many years. Currently, based on relevant domestic and foreign reports, there are a variety of preparation techniques for organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts. The common methods of synthesis of organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts are as follows: The substitution reactions between halogenated hydrocarbon-based silanes and tertiary amines, the ring-opening addition reactions between epoxy silanes and tertiary amines, free-radical polymerization reaction, sol-gel reaction, etc. To overcome the shortcoming of long reaction period for synthesizing organosilicon quaternary ammonium salts, microwave and high-pressure treatment and catalysts have been introduced to improve the reaction rate. In this review, an overview of the molecular structure, synthesis process and application fields for silicone quaternary ammonium surfactants has been provided, both domestically and internationally. Furthermore, the current research status, existing problems and future development direction of the products have also been discussed. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of determination methods for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances Ying Zhang, Hua Wang, Yuehua Zuo, Chenguang Wang, Ziqin Zhai, Ming Liu 2025, 55 (5):  649-658.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.014 Abstract ( 44 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1849KB) ( 22 )   Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） are a class of persistent, highly stable and bioaccumulative compounds, which are widely concerned because of their environmental and human health hazards. Many of the compounds in PFAS are classed as Persistent Organic Pollutant at home and abroad, which are on the list of banned or restricted substances. In this paper, the standard methods for determination of PFAS at home and abroad are reviewed. The detection objects, quantitative methods, detection limits or quantitative limits of these standard methods are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these standard methods are also pointed out. And then, the methods of semi-quantitative analysis and rapid determination of PFAS are introduced. Since PFAS are not optically or electro chemically active, they cannot be directly measured by conventional spectroscopic or electrochemical methods. So the techniques of organic dyes, nano-materials, molecularly imprinted polymers and biology, which are used to improve the optical or electro chemical activity of the PFAS are also described. At last, it is suggested that according to the actual situation and test objects, the semi-quantitative or rapid determination method can be chosen as the primary screening method, and the standard determination method can be used as the confirmation. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the establishment of a more perfect monitoring and determination system for PFAS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on packaging design and application of women’s daily cosmetics based on emotional perspective Yajun Yang, Chang Liu 2025, 55 (5):  659-667.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.015 Abstract ( 42 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2867KB) ( 16 )   With the increasing maturity of the consumer market and the diversification of consumer demands, product packaging has become an important bridge for emotional communication between brands and consumers. For female consumers, the design of cosmetic packaging carries more of their pursuit of beauty and recognition of their self-worth. This article first analyzes the psychological characteristics of female consumers when purchasing cosmetics, including their pursuit of beauty, attention to quality, and demand for personalized and emotional consumption. Secondly, it elaborates on the specific application of emotional design in cosmetic packaging design, including how to convey brand concepts and emotional values through design elements such as color, form, and material, as well as how to design targeted products based on the psychological characteristics of the target consumer group. Finally, based on the current situation of packaging design for women’s daily cosmetics products, it analyzes the shortcomings of emotional design in cosmetics packaging design, which provides new theoretical support and practical guidance for cosmetic packaging design. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analytical methods and testing

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Establishment and feasibility study of a dual enrichment system for amplified ATP bioluminescence microbial detection assay in cosmetics Ting Li, Ziying Ma, Jiquan Liu, Shenghui Cui, Yu Jing, Feirong Bai, Su Yao 2025, 55 (5):  668-676.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.05.016 Abstract ( 36 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 19 )   To improve the microbial detection efficiency in cosmetics, an amplified ATP bioluminescence 24 h assay with dual enrichment system was established. Meanwhile, growth promotion test of an enrichment medium and product suitability test was carried out. 11 of slow-growing fungi, yeasts and bacteria were selected as representative strains, and the key parameters such as culture temperature and enrichment medium formula were optimized. The results show that the enrichment system that promoted fungal growth is TLE medium incubated at 25 ℃, and the bacterial enrichment system is MTAT medium incubated at 32.5 ℃. 32 representative strains relevant to raw materials and production environment of cosmetics are collected and tested. They all grow well in the enrichment system，and the results of amplified ATP bioluminescence 24 h assay are all positive. Subsequently, six kinds of cosmetics with different functional claims, use parts, production dosage forms and use methods are selected and inoculated with six reference strains recommended by Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020） for product suitability test. The background values of the tested cosmetics meet the requirements of the detection method. Results of spiking test show that all the samples tested are positive. Therefore, amplified ATP bioluminescence 24 h assay has a promising application prospect in the rapid screening of microorganisms in cosmetic fields. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics