表面活性剂在可溶性钾盐浮选中的应用研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.014

Abstract

Abstract:

With the increasing depletion of global potassium resources, the innovation of flotation reagents has become more and more crucial for enhancing the recovery and grade of soluble potassium salts. In this review, the current application of flotation technologies in production processes of potassium chloride was focused on, including “reverse-flotation-cold-crystallization” and “cold-decomposition-direct-flotation”, as well as those flotation technologiesused in the conversion process of picromeriteforpotassium sulfate production. The advantages and disadvantages of surfactants used as collectors, frothers, and modifiers, as well as their control conditions, were systematically summarized. The impacts and mechanisms of insoluble sludge, slurry pH, ion specificity, temperature, and the type and dosage of flotation reagents on flotation were discussed. At the theoretical level, four classical theories were reviewed, including dissolution heat, colloid precipitation, surface charge, and interfacial water structure, which could be used to analyze the interaction mechanisms between collectors and minerals during flotation. The decisive role of microscopic interface reactions under the influencesof ionspecificity on macroscopic flotation selectivity was emphasized. This review aimed to provide an extensible theoretical framework and data reference for the optimization of flotation processes of potassium saltsand the molecular design of low-temperature, salt-tolerant surfactants.

Key words: surfactant, soluble potassium salt, flotation, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate

CLC Number:

TQ423

Wenli Zhao, Yuxin Feng, Jiangling Tang, Hongwei Ren, Jing Yang, Yuanyuan Jia, Yanfei Wang. Research progress of the application of surfactants in flotation of soluble potassium salts[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(7): 952-959.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Tab.1

Classification and application of collectors"

捕收剂类型	分类	代表性药剂	作用机理	应用与优劣	参考文献
阳离子捕收剂	脂肪胺类	十八胺（ODA）、十二烷基盐酸盐（DAH）	分子结构含长链胺基团，水中解离为RNH₃⁺，吸附于矿物表面	疏水性强，选择性好，常用于钾盐浮选中；低温性能较差	[8,9]
阳离子捕收剂	季铵盐类	十八烷基三甲基溴化铵、双子季铵盐	季铵正电荷与KCl晶体表面负电荷缺陷位发生静电吸附	适用于低温环境；羟乙基改性可降低临界胶束浓度，提高浮选性能	[10,11]
阴离子捕收剂	烷基磺酸盐类、烷基硫酸盐类	十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）	-SO₃^-、-OSO₃^-阴离子通过静电作用与钾盐表面暴露的K⁺位点结合水溶性好	能提高钾浸出率，与其他药剂复配效果更佳	[12,13]
阴离子捕收剂	两性/弱阳离子捕收剂	烷基吗啉类（十二烷基吗啉DMP）	DMP分子与NaCl界面水结构的氢键作用吸附在NaCl表面	DMP兼具叔胺阳离子与醚氧极性头，在饱和卤水中仍能保持良好分散性，对NaCl选择性高，主要用于反浮选工艺除钠	[14,15]
其他捕收剂	氢化咪唑衍生物	带脂肪族取代基	水解相应的氨基酰胺在氯化钾晶体表面形成疏水薄膜使之浮起	实验研究中使用，分子结构新颖，改善浮选性能	[16]
	组合捕收剂组合	例：十八胺+十二烷基磺酸钠	阳/阴离子协同作用，ODA-NH₃⁺与SLS-SO₃^-在溶液中形成疏水离子对，表面活性增强，更易定向吸附在KCl晶体表面提升表面疏水性	提高选择性和回收率，降低药剂用量，适应低温浮选	[17]
	Gemini表面活性剂	具有两个疏水基和两个亲水基的结构	双季铵阳离子能与KCl晶体表面暴露的Cl?位点强烈吸附间隔基连接双基团，提升浮选活性	捕收能力强，选择性高，优于传统单体表面活性剂	[18]
	CB、YC系列新型捕收剂	“胺、酸、醇三合一”结构；高水溶性、高起泡性	改进传统基于十八胺性能进行改性，适配不同光卤石矿	环保、高效、适用性强，简化使用流程，已在青海和老挝矿山成功应用	[19]

Tab.1

Tab.2

Tab.3

Tab.4

Fig.2

Fig.3

References 53

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起泡剂类型	分类	特点	适用条件	参考文献
醇类	松醇油（2#油）	起泡性适中，泡沫稳定，成本低，选择性好，兼具微弱捕收性	矿浆pH=5.5~7.5，温度20~25 ℃，矿泥含量较低的氯化物型钾盐浮选，用量10~30 g/吨	[21]
醇类	甲基异丁基甲醇（MIBC）	起泡力强，泡沫脆、消泡快，选择性高，无捕收性，适合高浓度矿浆	酸性或中性矿浆，高矿浆浓度，常用于实验室标准浮选	[20]
醇醚类	二乙二醇乙醚（DEE）	低挥发、环保，泡沫稳定性高，可减少药剂挥发对环境的影响，与胺类捕收剂协同性好	中性至弱碱性矿浆，适合硫酸盐型钾盐浮选，用量5~20 g/吨	[22]
醇醚类	二丙二醇丁醚（DPNB）	高效起泡，用量仅为MIBC的50%，泡沫稳定性优于传统起泡剂，KCl回收率可达94.8%~98.6%	矿浆pH值6~7，适用浮选温度5~25 ℃	[23,24]
新型合成类	CB/YC/CS系列	兼具捕收性与起泡性，可直接水溶，减少盐酸用量，适用于硫酸盐型和氯化物型钾盐浮选	矿浆pH值为6~8，选矿粒度范围宽	[19]
新型合成类	醚胺类起泡剂（如DPEA）	低温性能优异，在0 ℃仍能保持KCl回收率（93.66%），泡沫稳定性高，分子结构含羟基与醚基，增强与水的相互作用	低温矿浆（0~10 ℃），氯化物型钾盐浮选，用量2.5×10^-4 mol/L即可实现高效分离	[25]

分类	药剂名称/类型	主要作用机制	应用情况与特点	参考文献
抑制剂	天然抑制剂：糊精、淀粉、古尔胶、磷酸盐、丹宁、胺醛树脂、硫酸铝、CMC（羧甲基纤维素）	在矿物表面形成亲水膜，降低疏水性，减少捕收剂吸附	正浮选工艺中通常为80~200 g/吨，根据原矿杂质含量调控用量	[26]
抑制剂	合成抑制剂：木素磺酸盐、淀粉-醚基仲胺缩合物、脲素-甲醛共聚物、SL抑制剂、KS-MF（尿素与甲醛副产物）	与矿泥表面相互作用，抑制矿泥活性，减少钾盐损失，改善环境	KS-MF效果显著，基准用量为80 g/吨	[27]
活化剂	铅盐、亚铁氰化钾（K₄Fe（CN）₆）、二甲苯	改变矿物表面组成，提高疏水性或提供活性位点，增强捕收剂吸附	在钾盐浮选中应用较少，因捕收剂效果较好，通常不需添加	[16]
其他介质调整剂	非离子表面活性剂：聚乙二醇（PEG）、PEG-800	调节泡沫稳定性，作为辅助药剂使用	有一定应用，配合药剂使用改善浮选性能	[28]

影响因素	对浮选过程的影响	对表面活性剂作用机理的影响	应对策略/最佳条件	参考文献
矿泥等不溶物	捕收剂无效消耗、选择性降低	矿泥大量吸附捕收剂，降低其有效浓度；改变矿物表面性质	脱泥预处理、使用矿泥抑制剂	[29,30]
矿浆pH值	表面活性剂电离形态、矿物表面电荷、药剂间协同作用	胺类捕收剂质子化程度；影响静电吸附和化学吸附平衡	根据选用浮选剂确定，通常控制pH值在6.5~7.5	[31,32]
离子特应性	高离子强度压缩双电层；特定离子影响表面活性剂作用	改变静电作用强度；离子特异性效应调控水化层和胶体间作用力	控制溶液中c（Ca²⁺）≤0.1 mol/L；c（Na⁺）≤0.3 mol/L；开发抗高盐药剂	[13,33]
温度	影响离子型表面活性剂溶解度、分散性、物理状态	低于Krafft点时，长链胺溶解度低、分散差、活性降低；高温可能影响吸附或泡沫稳定性	温度控制最佳20~32 ℃；低温时采用改性胺、短链胺或Gemini等；调控矿浆温度	[34,35]
表面活性剂浓度/用量	影响表面张力、胶束/胶体形成，影响回收成本	捕收剂用量影响疏水化程度和覆盖率；起泡剂浓度影响泡沫性质	用量一般250~1 000 g/t矿石的范围；研发新型高效低用量药剂	[34]

Research progress of the application of surfactants in flotation of soluble potassium salts

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