嗅觉干预助眠的作用机制与研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.10.012

Abstract

Abstract:

Insomnia has become a prominent issue in contemporary society, posing a significant public health challenge to human physical and mental health. Olfactory inhalation, as a convenient, efficient, and safe non-pharmacological intervention strategy, exhibits broad application prospects in improving sleep health. Systematically reviewing research on olfactory inhalation for sleep promotion is of great importance for the development of effective, stable, and safe somnogenic products. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress from three dimensions: mechanisms of action, evaluation methods, and bioactive ingredients. Through an analysis of fragrance characteristics and sedative properties, a “Sleep-aid Fragrance Wheel” encompassing floral, woody, aromatic, and citrus notes is constructed, providing a scientific classification framework for the fragrance selection and formulation design of personalized sleep-promoting products. Furthermore, the sedative profiles and action targets of single natural essential oils are explained, the synergistic advantages of compound essential oils with the characteristics of “multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway” are analyzed, and the technical advantages of developing standardized synthetic fragrances based on natural essential oils are discussed. By synthesizing this multidimensional evidence with the proposed fragrance classification system, this review provides a theoretical foundation for the design of efficient, stable, and personalized somnogenic products, thereby promoting the scientific application of olfactory regulation in sleep health management.

Key words: olfactory intervention, sleep-aid, natural essential oils, synthetic fragrances

CLC Number:

TQ658

Yuhuan Yan, Lin Lv, Meina Wu, Rui Yang, Guoqiang Cai, Meilin He. Mechanisms and research advances in olfactory intervention for sleep promotion[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(10): 1392-1402.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig.1

Tab.1

Components, action targets, mechanisms of action and sleep-promoting effects of natural essential oils"

香调	种类	主要化学成分	作用靶点	作用机制	效果	文献
花香调	薰衣草	芳樟醇	杏仁核GABA	提升GABA水平，调节乙酰胆碱水平，抑制组胺释放，调节DA、NE等单胺类递质	缩短小鼠的非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠潜伏期、增加NREM睡眠时长并增强其慢波活动，改善DL-4-氯苯丙氨酸诱导的失眠	[7,23]
	薰衣草	乙酸芳樟酯	杏仁核GABA	提升GABA水平，调节乙酰胆碱水平，抑制组胺释放，调节DA、NE等单胺类递质	缩短小鼠的非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠潜伏期、增加NREM睡眠时长并增强其慢波活动，改善DL-4-氯苯丙氨酸诱导的失眠	[7,23]
	大马士革玫瑰	香茅醇		调节GABA_A受体功能、增加δ慢波	显著改善心脏监护病房患者的主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠时长、习惯性睡眠效率，并减少睡眠障碍	[26-28]
	大马士革玫瑰	香叶醇	GABA_A受体	调节GABA_A受体功能、增加δ慢波	显著改善心脏监护病房患者的主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠时长、习惯性睡眠效率，并减少睡眠障碍	[26-28]
	茉莉	α-法呢烯	5-HT1A和GABA_A Rα1	上调5-HT1A与GABA_A Ra1受体表达，增强GABA能抑制功能，并发挥抗炎、抗氧化及神经保护作用	延长总睡眠时间（与PCPA模型组相比，P<0.01）；减轻失眠引起的体重下降；改善神经元结构	[31]
	茉莉	芳樟醇	5-HT1A和GABA_A Rα1	上调5-HT1A与GABA_A Ra1受体表达，增强GABA能抑制功能，并发挥抗炎、抗氧化及神经保护作用	延长总睡眠时间（与PCPA模型组相比，P<0.01）；减轻失眠引起的体重下降；改善神经元结构	[31]
	天女木兰	β-榄香烯	5-HT1A和5-HT2A； GABA_ARα1和 GABA_ARα2； GABA合成酶	上调5-HT系统功能，增强GABA信号传导，促进GABA合成；神经保护和潜在的抗炎作用	小鼠的睡眠潜伏期显著缩短，并延长小鼠的总睡眠时间	[29]
	天女木兰	β-罗勒烯	5-HT1A和5-HT2A； GABA_ARα1和 GABA_ARα2； GABA合成酶	上调5-HT系统功能，增强GABA信号传导，促进GABA合成；神经保护和潜在的抗炎作用	小鼠的睡眠潜伏期显著缩短，并延长小鼠的总睡眠时间	[29]
	德国洋甘菊	α-没药醇及其氧化物			实验组PSQI睡眠质量评分（平均3.96）较前测显著下降且显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）	[32,33]
	德国洋甘菊	芹菜素			实验组PSQI睡眠质量评分（平均3.96）较前测显著下降且显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）	[32,33]
木质调	檀香	α-檀香醇			干预组PSQI得分从11.0±2.06降至4.27±0.87，对照组仅轻微下降，组间差异显著	[35]
	檀香	β-檀香醇			干预组PSQI得分从11.0±2.06降至4.27±0.87，对照组仅轻微下降，组间差异显著	[35]
	沉香	倍半萜类	GABRA1；GRIA1；5-HT1A和5-HT2A	通过多靶点调节神经递质：增加GABA含量及GABA/Glu比值；增加5-HT含量	缩短小鼠睡眠潜伏期、延长睡眠时间，抑制自主活动	[34]
	云杉	乙酸龙脑酯	GABA_ARα1和5-HT1A	增加大脑神经元数量，并上调GABA受体和5-HT受体的表达水平	小鼠体重变化率逐渐增加、睡眠潜伏期缩短、睡眠时间延长	[36]
		莰烯
		α-蒎烯
芳香调	鼠尾草	樟脑			改善绝经后妇女的睡眠质量，有显著效果	[38]
		α-侧柏酮
		8-桉叶素
	罗勒	芳樟醇		调节大脑皮层电活动，同时平衡自主神经功能	多数受试者收缩压、舒张压及脉搏下降，减γ波、增α和β波	[39]
	罗勒	草蒿脑		调节大脑皮层电活动，同时平衡自主神经功能	多数受试者收缩压、舒张压及脉搏下降，减γ波、增α和β波	[39]
	蛇麻草	β-月桂烯		修复松果体结构、促进内源性褪黑素分泌；上调GABA和5-HT水平，下调NE、DA等水平	睡眠潜伏期缩短、睡眠持续期延长（P<0.05）；水平运动和垂直运动增加（P<0.05）	[40]
		α-葎草烯
		β-石竹烯
	马郁兰	单萜类（萜品烯-4-醇等）		调节大脑皮层电活动	促入睡的θ波均增加、觉醒相关的α波均降低	[41]
	马郁兰	乙酸芳樟酯		调节大脑皮层电活动	促入睡的θ波均增加、觉醒相关的α波均降低	[41]
	缬草	缬草烯酸	GABA转氨酶	降低GABA转氨酶的活性，从而抑制GABA的降解，增强GABA能神经传递	显著延长大鼠PCPA睡眠时长	[42]
		缬草酮
		缬草三酯
	紫苏	紫苏醛	GABA_Aα?和GABA_Aγ?	上调脑内GABA递质水平及其受体（GABA_Aα?/γ?）的表达，激活GABA能神经系统，逆转了PCPA对5-HT合成的抑制，从而恢复5-HT水平	提高PCPA诱导的小鼠入睡率，缩短入睡潜伏期，延长睡眠时间	[43]
		4-桉叶素
		乙醛二乙缩醛
	迷迭香	1, 8-桉叶素	5-HT1A	激活5-HT能系统并增强GABA能抑制，从而促进睡眠	PSQI从6.17降至3.70 （P=0.007），对照组无变化	[44]
		α-蒎烯
		芳樟醇
柑橘调	苦橙	柠檬烯		提升心率变异性、降低枕区脑电β波功率，抑制促炎因子释放	改善28~34周睡眠障碍孕妇睡眠质量	[46,47,50]
	苦橙	芳樟醇	GABA_A受体	结合于GABA_A受体跨膜区的变构位点，正向增强GABA引发的氯离子电流	改善28~34周睡眠障碍孕妇睡眠质量	[46,47,50]
	香柠檬	乙酸芳樟酯	GABA_A受体	正向调节大脑中的GABA_A受体功能，增强抑制性神经传递	有效减轻外科重症监护病房患者的焦虑和改善睡眠质量	[48,50]
	香柠檬	柠檬烯			有效减轻外科重症监护病房患者的焦虑和改善睡眠质量	[48,50]
	香蜂草	1, 8-桉叶素			有效提升NICU早产儿母亲的睡眠质量	[49]
		香茅醇
		柠檬醛

Tab.1

Fig.2

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