Fig. 1

Possible transport pathways through the stratum corneum （Reprinted from Ref. [5]）"

Fig. 2

Effects of the phospholipids on curcumin permeated through excised rat skin （mean±SD, n=3）（Reprinted from Ref. [16]）"

Fig. 3

Structure diagram of traditional liposomes and new liposomes （Reprinted from Ref. [17]）"

Tab. 1

Rutin mass concentration for different adhesive tape layers in human skin penetration test （Reprinted from Ref. [19]）"

Fig. 4

TEM images of control RHE （a） and RHE after 6 h of treatment with ethosomes （b）. Images refer to 20 K magnification. Arrows indicate the presence of ethosomes. Bar corresponds to 1 000 nm （Reprinted from Ref. [21]）"

Fig. 5

Transdermal study of EA niosomes in vitro after 24 hours. EA in skin （A） ; EA in receptor chamber （n = 3）（B）（Reprinted from Ref. [24]）"

Fig. 6

CLSM images of human skin after treatment with EA solution （A） and EA niosomes （B） for 24 h （Reprinted from Ref. [24]）"

Fig. 7

Quantity of arbutin penetrating to the skin layers （mean±SD, n=3）（Reprinted from Ref. [25]）"

Fig. 8

Baicalin accumulated in stratum corneum （SC）, viable epidermis （EP）, dermis （D） and receptor chamber （RC） after the application of baicalin loaded transfersomes, sonicated （S） or autoclaved （A） gellan-transfersomes （mean ± SD）（Reprinted from Ref. [29]）"

Fig. 9

Transdermal permeation profiles of different 0.75% catechin-loaded transfersomes and control group （mean±SD, n=3）（Reprinted from Ref. [30]）"

Fig. 10

In vitro skin retention profiles of different 0.75% catechin-loaded transfersomes and control group （mean±SD, n=3）（Reprinted from Ref. [30]）"

Fig. 11

Mean wheal diameter after histamine prick test at 0 （T0）, 10 （T10） and 30 （T30） minutes after treatment application. C- is the non-treated area （or control area）. C+ is the positive control area （Reprinted from Ref. [35]）"

Fig. 12

Mean itching values after histamine prick test at 0 （T0）, 10 （T10） and 30 （T30） minutes after treatment application. C- is the non-treated area （or control area）. C+ is the positive control area （Reprinted from Ref. [35]）"

Fig. 13

Differences in body weight, ear thickness, ear phenotypes and back phenotypes （Reprinted from Ref. [33]）"

Fig. 14

Cumulative amounts of drug found in stratum corneum （SC）, epidermis （Ep） and dermis （D） at 24 h after application of quercetin-loaded liposomes and glycerosomes （Reprinted from Ref. [37]）"

Fig. 15

Images of confocal laser scanning microscopy of skin section at 1, 4, 8 or 24 h after treatment with quercetin-loaded liposomes, 30% glycerosomes and 50% glycerosomes （Reprinted from Ref. [37]）"

Fig. 16

Determination of resveratrol （A） and gallic acid （B） deposited in the skin layers （SC, stratum corneum; Ep, epidermis; D, dermis） and receptor fluid （RF） after 8 h of non-occlusive application of the drug in dispersion, liposomes, PG-PEVs and glycerosomes （mean±SD）（n=6）（Reprinted from Ref. [38]）"

Tab. 2

Possible transdermal mechanism of novel liposomes"