Fig.1

Working principle of SAXS: （A） X-ray after penetrating the sample; （B） schematic diagram of SAXS"

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of the planar 2-centrosymmetric homogeneous model[43]"

Tab.1

Scattering peak position ratios of typical nanostructures[45,47]"

Fig.3

Typical SAXS graphs for lamellar and hexagonal mesophases: （A） P84_60/15/25_H2; （B） P123_50/25/15_H2; （C） P123_60/35/5_L; （D） P84_70/ 25/5_L[50]"

Fig.4

Schematic diagram of micelles with different shapes formed by block copolymers[43]"

Fig.5

Schematic diagram of the spherical shell model[43]"

Fig.6

Schematic diagram of multilamellar vesicles[43]"

Fig.7

SAXS intensity curves of liposomes under different conditions: （A） SAXS intensity I （q） of liposomal structure of DSPC with different concentrations of PEG; （B） DSPC with 2% of cholesterol at different polymer mass fractions; （C） DSPC with 5% of cholesterol at different polymer mass fractions[58]"

Fig.8

Structure factor curves of liposomes under different conditions: （A） structure factor of liposomal structure of DSPC with different concentrations of PEG; （B） structure factor of DSPC with 5% cholesterol at different polymer mass fractions[58]"

Fig.9

Relationship between HLB values and phase region ratio [61]"

Fig.10

SAXS results of microemulsions with different water content: （A） q vs. I （q）, the inset in the upper right corner shows an enlargement of the red dashed box; （B） distance distribution function p （r） obtained from Fourier transform; （C） fitting results according to Porod’s law; （D） fractal dimension obtained from fitting SAXS data[61]"

Fig.11

（A） Experimental SAXS data of silicasol nanoparticles in solution （points） and best fit obtained by the program MIXTURE （solid line） ; （B） volume size distributions reconstructed using the program MIXTURE[38]"

Fig.12

SAXS Patterns of polyamide and its 4C8-MT nanocomposites: （a） pure PA; （b） PA+4C8-MT （1%）; （c） PA+4C8-MT （2%）; （d） PA+4C8-MT （3%）; （e） PA+4C8-MT （5%）; （f） PA +4C8-MT （10%） ; （g） pure 4C8-MT[68]"

Fig.13

X-ray diffraction patterns of polyamide and PA/4C8-MT nanocomposites with various 4C8-MT content: （a） pure PA; （b） PA+4C8-MT （1%） ; （c） PA+4C8-MT （2%） ; （d） PA+4C8-MT （5%） ; （e） PA+4C8-MT （10%）[68]"

Fig.14

Cryo-TEM images of the blank carrier （A） and VC-IP LCNPs （B）. SAXS curves and electron density maps of the blank carrier （C） and VC-IP LCNPs （D）[71]"

Fig.15

（A） Snapshot of the DDM micelle obtained from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations; （B） Two-component ellipsoid model of the micelle; （C） Comparison of the SAXS curve with the one calculated from unbiased free molecular dynamics simulations; （D） Comparison of the SAXS curve with the best-fitting curves from the two-component model[76]"

Fig.16

（A） The pair-distance distribution function P （r） calculated from the SAXS curves using the GNOM software; （B） Parts of the P （r） function of the two-component ellipsoid model with shape fluctuations were replaced with the experimentally measured P （r） function[76]"

Fig.17

（A） FT-IR spectra of PVP, Pt-PVP, MAD, and Pt-MAD samples. （B） Representative DLS particle size distribution curves of Pt-MAD liposomes and Pt-PVP liposomes. （C） Representative cryo-TEM image of vitrified Pt-MAD liposome suspension measured at room temperature. （D） SAXS intensity curves of the Pt-MAD particles and Pt-MAD liposomes measured in a mixture of water and 1, 3-butanediol at room temperature. The solid black curves correspond to the best fits of the data using the models described in the text. （E） Schematic illustration of the Pt-MAD liposome[77]"

Fig.18

Vacuum auto-injection device for solution samples at BL19U2 beamline for biological small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation [78-80]"

Fig.19

Optical layout of the BL19U2 BioSAXS beamline with the source-to main-element distances[80]"

Fig.20

SEC-SAXS scattering experimental setup at BL19U2 beamline for biological small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation [79,80]"

Fig.21

Time-resolved scattering experimental setup at BL19U2 beamline for biological small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation [96]"