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2016年, 第46卷, 第3期　刊出日期：2016-03-22 上一期    下一期

科技讲座

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氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(Ⅲ)——PFOS问题之我见 Fluorinated surfactants and fluoropolymers (Ⅲ) My opinion on the problems of PFOS 邢航,伍毅,肖进新 2016 (3):  123-128.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.001 摘要 ( 335 )   PDF(807KB) ( 251 )   从表面活性剂工作者的角度,分析了PFOS问题在中国的现状并指出了PFOS淘汰行动遇到的问题及研究的难点。扩展并简要介绍了其他重要的氟烷基化合物的生产、应用和监管现状。对表面活性剂工作者提出了今后的目标和任务。 From the standpoint of surfactant working field,the current status of PFOS issue in China was described.Both the problems in phasing out of PFOS as well as difficulties for development of research work in this field were discussed in detail.The production,application and regulation for several other important fluorinated alkyl chemicals were also briefed.Finally,the objective and tasks for surfactant working field were pointed out. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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表面活性剂的性能与应用(ⅩⅩⅦ) Performance and applications of surfactants (ⅩⅩⅦ) 郝姗姗,赵莉,徐宝财 2016 (3):  129-135.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.002 摘要 ( 341 )   PDF(808KB) ( 714 )   首先对表面活性剂的几种常见分子有序组合体进行了介绍,表面活性剂在吸附作用的基础上发挥出润湿、乳化、泡沫等丰富的作用性能。简要阐述了表面活性剂在食品、洗涤剂、油田工业、医药、环保等诸多行业的广泛应用。最后对表面活性剂的发展方向进行了展望。 Several organized self-assemblies of surfactants were introduced followed by their functions and action principles.Surfactants are widely used in many industry fields,such as food processing,detergent,oil-field recovery,medicine and environmental protection,et al.Some problems and development outlooks in this field were prospected. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

开发与应用

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季铵盐改性茶皂素的合成与性能研究 Synthesis and properties of tea saponin modified with quaternary ammonium salt 马戎,戴玉梅 2016 (3):  136-140.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.003 摘要 ( 213 )   PDF(891KB) ( 284 )   以茶皂素与3-二甲胺基丙胺反应生成叔胺茶皂素中间体,再与溴乙烷季铵化反应生成季铵盐改性茶皂素。叔胺茶皂素中间体制备较佳条件为:以三甘醇为溶剂,n(茶皂素)∶n(3-二甲胺基丙胺)=1∶2.5,在130 ℃条件下反应8 h,收率为85.7%。测定了季铵盐改性茶皂素的表面活性,其cmc为0.398 g/L,γcmc为40.82 mN/m;其发泡性能良好但稳泡性能差;测定了其抗氧化性能,在质量浓度为1.0 g/L时,其对羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)的清除率分别达到55.4%和66.3%;其对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌性能均优于茶皂素。 Tea saponin tertiary amine intermediate was formed by reaction between tea saponin and 3-dimethylamino propylamine.Then the intermediate further quaterized with bromoethane to produce tea saponin quaternary ammonium salt.Suitable conditions for preparation of the intermediate were identified as:using triglycol as solvent;molar ratio n(tea saponin)∶n(3-dimethylamino propylamine)=1∶2.5;reaction temperature 130 ℃ for 8 h.The yield of the intermediate achieves 85.7%.Surface activity of the tea saponin quaternary ammonium salt product was measured as cmc 0.398 g/L,and γcmc 40.82 mN/m.Foaming power of the product is good but its foam stability is poor.Its resistance to oxidation were measured as,at a mass concentration of 1.0 g/L,the ion ·OH and ·O2- scavenging rate reaches 55.4% and 66.3% respectively.Meanwhile,the bacteria inhibitory effect of the product against E.coli,Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus is better than that of tea saponin. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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抑菌型液体洗涤剂的配制及性能研究 Formulation and performance of bacteriostasis liquid detergent 台秀梅,刘晓英,杜志平,巴剑波,王国永,赵慧贤 2016 (3):  141-144.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.004 摘要 ( 256 )   PDF(828KB) ( 392 )   设计并配制了系列含脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AE9C)和双癸基羟乙基甲基氯化铵(DEQ)复配体系的抑菌去污二合一液体洗涤剂,测试了所配制液体洗涤剂的耐寒和耐热及冻融稳定性,并采用Ross-Miles泡沫仪、立式去污机及悬液定量法分别对产品的泡沫性能、去污力和抑菌性能进行了评价,优化了配方组成。结果表明:所配制的洗涤剂具有很好的稳定性;洗涤剂的泡沫性能和去污力不受水硬度的影响,当AE9C/DEQ的质量比为7∶3时,体系的发泡力最低,当AE9C/DEQ的质量比等于或低于2∶8时,洗涤剂去污力测试结果不合格;配方中AE9C/DEQ的质量比为7∶3,6∶4和5∶5时,洗涤剂对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌的抑菌率均为100%。 Bacteriostasis liquid detergent containing sodium fatty alcohol ether carboxylate (AE9C) and didecylmethylhydroxyethylammonium chloride (DEQ) was designed and formulated.The cold resisting,heat resisting and freeze-thaw stability of the liquid detergent products were tested,and their foaming power,detergency as well as bacteriostasis efficacy was evaluated by Ross-Miles foam meter,Terg-O-Tometer and suspension quantitative method,respectively.The results showed that the liquid detergent product displays excellent stability.Its foaming power and detergency are not affected by water hardness.When the mass ratio of AE9C to DEQ is 7∶3,foaming power of the product achieves the minimum.When the mass ratio of AE9C to DEQ is lower than 2∶8,its detergency test result is unqualified.When the mass ratio of AE9C to DEQ is 7∶3,6∶4 or 5∶5,all the bacteriostasis rate of the three kinds of liquid detergent product against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli achieves 100%. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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荧光增白剂对纯棉织物洗涤效果的影响 Influence of fluorescent brightening agent on washing result of cotton fabrics 张宝莲,彭丽媛,张靖峰,林尚鹏 2016 (3):  145-150.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.005 摘要 ( 319 )   PDF(771KB) ( 406 )   采用添加不同种类和用量荧光增白剂的标准洗衣液洗涤不同颜色纯棉织物,对比分析洗涤后织物的L*,a*,b*和C*值,反射率曲线以及目视评价结果,得到荧光增白剂对不同颜色纯棉织物的影响效果。结果表明,荧光增白剂可使增白布更白,漂白和米白布明显变亮白,浅蓝和粉红布样更加艳丽,浅灰和浅黄布样泛白或变浅,使卡其布样明显泛白,对大红、深蓝、黑色等深色纯棉织物无明显影响。 Cotton fabrics with different color were washed by reference liquid detergents appended with fluorescent brightening agent of separate kinds and concentrations.The effects of fluorescent brightening agent on different color fabrics were shown by comparison analysis of L*,a*,b*,C*,reflectance curves and the results of visual evaluation.The results showed that the impacts of fluorescent brightening agent are that the whitened fabric becomes whiter,the bleaching fabric and off-white color fabric become brighter and whiter obviously,the light blue and pink fabrics become brighter,grayish and flavescent cotton fabrics also become whiter or lighter.The fluorescent brightening agent makes khaki cotton fabric whiter obviously.The fluorescent brightening agent has no obvious effect on deep color cotton fabrics such as brilliant scarlet,mazarine and black. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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基于单轴测试法的浓缩洗衣粉结块动力学研究 Caking kinetics study of concentrated laundry powder based on uniaxial test 王毅楠,刘文举,郭亚军,卫宏远 2016 (3):  151-154.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.006 摘要 ( 268 )   PDF(875KB) ( 252 )   利用单轴测试试验装置,对浓缩洗衣粉的结块特性进行测定,考察了温度(30～60 ℃)、相对湿度(30%~75%)和时间(1~4 h)3种因素对浓缩洗衣粉结块程度的影响,最终得到了不同温度、相对湿度和时间下浓缩洗衣粉的结块动力学曲线。结果表明,随温度、时间和相对湿度的增加,浓缩洗衣粉的结块度逐渐增加。在浓缩洗衣粉的生产、运输、包装和贮存环节中,应尽量控制环境的温度和湿度在合理范围内,从而减小浓缩洗衣粉的结块度。 With the uniaxial test experiment device,the caking characteristics of concentrated laundry powder were tested and measured.Effects of three factors that influencing the extent of caking of the concentrated laundry powder,the temperature (30~60 ℃),the relative humidity (30%~75%) and the time (1~4 h) on the caking extent of concentrated laundry powder were examined.The caking kinetic plots of concentrated laundry powder at different temperature and relative humidity were also mapped out.The results showed that with the increase of temperature,time and relative humidity,the extent of agglomeration of the concentrated laundry powder increases gradually.Such results told us that during the various stages of the production process of concentrated laundry powder,such as blending,post addition conveying,packaging,storage et al.,all operaters and mangers should try to control the environmental temperature and humidity within a reasonable range,so as to reduce the impact on laundry powder agglomeration. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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高去油率浸泡粉的研制 Development of a washing powder product with high oil dirt removal capacity 陈颜婷 2016 (3):  155-157.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.007 摘要 ( 238 )   PDF(681KB) ( 383 )   利用表面活性剂、无机助剂等原料,制备了一种洗涤用浸泡粉。选用烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和烷基糖苷(APG)构成复配表面活性剂体系。研究确定了表面活性剂的用量范围,通过正交试验得到较优复配表面活性剂配比。实验结果表明,按w(LAS)∶w(AES)∶w(DTAB)∶w(APG)=40∶20∶1∶15复配制得的浸泡粉,去油率达98.0%。 A washing powder product with high oil dirt removal capacity was prepared based upon various surfactants as well as inorganic builders and accessories.The blended surfactants were composed of sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS),sodium fatty alcohol ether sulphate (AES),dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB),and alkyl polyglucoside (APG).The formulation range of surfactants were examined and identified by orthogonal test.Results showed that when the mass fraction of the washing powder product is w(LAS)∶w(AES)∶w(DTAB)∶w(APG)=40∶20∶1∶15,its oil dirt removal rate can reach 98.0%. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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植物油电化学法合成环氧化合物 Synthesis of vegetable oil epoxides with electrochemical method 田美凤,李万捷,梁镇海 2016 (3):  158-161.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.008 摘要 ( 229 )   PDF(1449KB) ( 389 )   采用电化学合成法对植物油进行环氧化合物的合成。通过L18(37)正交试验讨论了蓖麻油电化学环氧化的制备工艺条件。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析(TG)对植物油及相应环氧化合物的结构进行了表征。实验所得优化工艺条件为:反应时间为4 h,pH=6.5,反应温度为30 ℃,通氧速率为3 cm3/s,电流密度为0.3 A/cm2,蓖麻油双键与HCOOH的摩尔比为8,催化剂(0.1 mol/L盐酸)用量为0.3 mL(相对于40 g蓖麻油),在此条件下所得环氧化蓖麻油相对环氧产率达53.7%。FT-IR分析表明,电化学反应后植物油中-C=C-消失,出现了含有-C-O-C-的新物质;TG分析表明,在一定条件下,-C-O-C-的热稳定性较-C=C-强。这表明植物油电化学法合成环氧化合物是可行的。此外,对大豆油、玉米油和花生油这3种植物油做了同样的验证。 Vegetable oil epoxides were synthesized with electrochemical method.The optimum conditions for castor oil epoxidation technology were determinated by L18(37) orthogonal test.The starting material castor oil as well as its epoxidized derivatives was characterized and compared by FT-IR and TG analysis.Experimental results showed that the optimum conditions are:reaction time,4 h;pH value,6.5;reaction temperature,30 ℃;oxygen flow rate,3 cm3/s;current density,0.3 A/cm2;molar ratio of castor oil double bonds to HCOOH,8;and catalyst (0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid) dosage,0.3 mL.Under such conditions,the relative yield of epoxidized castor oil achieves 53.7%.The FT-IR spectra indicated that new material containing -C-O-C- group was produced accompanying with the disappearance of -C=C- group;and TG analysis indicated that the thermal stability of -C-O-C- groups is stronger than that of -C=C- groups under certain conditions.Such results suggested that synthesis of vegetable oil epoxides with electrochemical method is feasible.In addition,similar tests for using of soybean oil,corn oil and peanut oil were also done. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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3种评价牙膏磨损性能的方法比较 Comparison of three methods for the measurement of dentifrice abrasivity SUN Dong-fang1,CHEN Jian-fen2,SHI Yi-lei2 孙东方,陈健芬,施裔磊 2016 (3):  162-167.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.009 摘要 ( 345 )   PDF(1742KB) ( 399 )   研究比较了表面粗糙度法、ISO11609中附录A的放射性示踪法及附录B的表面轮廓法3种评价牙膏磨损性能的体外实验方法。实验结果表明,对于含有同种类型摩擦剂(二氧化硅或天然碳酸钙)的牙膏试样,表面粗糙度法Ra值的测试结果与放射性示踪法RDA值及表面轮廓法磨损深度的测试结果均具有良好的相关性。同时,与ISO11609中的2种方法相比,表面粗糙度法具有操作简单、刷磨过程压力可控、检测仪器性价比高、数据重复性好、测试结果不易被牙膏配方中磷酸盐等组分干扰等特点。 Three methods for the in-vitro measurement of dentifrice abrasion performance,the radiotracer method (ISO11609/Annex-A),the surface profile method (ISO11609/Annex-B) and a recently introduced method (the surface roughness method) were examined,investigated and compared.The results showed that in case the dentifrices were composed of same type of abrasive agent,either silica or natural calcium carbonate,test results Ra value obtained from surface roughness method,RDA value obtained from radiotracer method as well as the result obtained from surface profile method all display good correlations.Meanwhile,as comparing with the two methods specified in ISO11609,the surface roughness method displays other advantages such as simple operation,pressure controllable in the brushing and abrasion process,high performance price ratio,good repeatability et al.Besides,the results of the surface roughness method are more stable and not affected by the interference of the phosphate in the dentifrice formulations. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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蚯蚓小分子多肽提取物对人皮肤细胞活性及胶原分泌的影响 Effect of low molecular weight peptides extract from Earthworm on cell viability and synthesis of collagen in cultured human skin cells 刘廷强,严泽民,侯冬梅,周华峰,段明星 2016 (3):  168-172.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.010 摘要 ( 310 )   PDF(799KB) ( 329 )   通过体外细胞模型,考察蚯蚓小分子多肽提取物(LMWPEE)对正常成人皮肤成纤维细胞(HSF)和正常成人表皮角质形成细胞(HEK)的细胞活性以及对HSF分泌Ⅰ型前胶原蛋白的影响。结果表明,与空白组相比,质量浓度为25~400 mg/L的LMWPEE对2种细胞的细胞活性都具有显著促进作用,但对2种细胞的细胞周期并没有明显的影响。LMWPEE对HSF细胞活性的促进作用存在一定的剂量-效应关系,而促进HEK细胞活性的较佳质量浓度为50 mg/L。此外,LMWPEE在质量浓度为200和400 mg/L时,可显著促进HSF分泌Ⅰ型前胶原蛋白,较空白组分别提高了31%(P<0.05)和51%(P<0.01)。 The effect of low molecular weight peptides extract from Earthworm (LMWPEE) on cell viability in cultured normal adult human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and normal adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) was studied,separately.Its effect on synthesis of type I procollagen in cultured HSF was also studied.The results showed that,as comparing with the control group,the LMWPEE with mass concentrations between 25 and 400 mg/L significantly increases cell viability of HSF and HEK,but it has no effect on cell cycle of HSF and HEK.The effect of LMWPEE on HSF cell viability shows a certain dose-effect relationship,while best dosage of LMWPEE for HEK cell viability is 50 mg/L.LMWPEE remarkably increases the production of type I procollagen in cultured HSF.The production of type I procollagen increases by 31% (P<0.05) and 51% (P<0.01) at mass concentration 200 and 400 mg/L of LMWPEE as compared with control group,respectively. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

专论与综述

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农药水乳剂物理稳定性的研究进展 Progress in research work field with respect to physical stability of emulsion oil in water for pesticides 史雅丽,郁倩瑶,孙陈铖,董帆,杨关天,冯建国 2016 (3):  173-177.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.011    摘要 ( 173 )   PDF(964KB) ( 312 )   简要介绍了乳状液形成与稳定机理,重点综述了相关理论和方法在农药水乳剂物理稳定性中的研究与应用现状,分析了当前农药新剂型加工理论研究不足以及乳化剂环保性能有待提高等具体问题。 Mechanisms of the formation and stability of emulsions was briefed.Status of research and application of these related theories and methods in physical stability of emulsion oil in water for pesticides were emphatically described.Meanwhile,the existing specific problems in the research and development of emulsion oil in water for pesticides were also given focus,such as shortage of researches in processing theory and pending improvement for environmental protective performance of emulsifiers. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

分析与检测

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紫外可见光谱分析海娜粉中的指甲花醌 UV-vis spectral analysis of lawsone in henna powder 乔仙蓉 2016 (3):  178-182.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2016.03.012 摘要 ( 674 )   PDF(790KB) ( 541 )   通过分析海娜粉浸提液和不同pH介质中指甲花醌溶液的紫外可见光谱,研究了分光光度法定量测定海娜粉中指甲花醌含量的检测波长和参比溶液。选择453 nm作为检测波长,以pH=2盐酸介质中的海娜粉浸提液作为参比,测定pH=12的氢氧化钠介质中试液的吸光度值,根据标准曲线法定量分析海娜粉中的指甲花醌。结果表明,指甲花醌质量浓度在10~140 mg/L内符合朗伯比尔定律,线性相关系数r=0.999 95,精密度RSD不高于0.47%。样品溶液吸光度值在14 h内无明显变化,指甲花醌加标回收率为99.0%~100.0%。本实验方法操作简便,结果可靠,可作为海娜粉中指甲花醌含量检测的依据。 UV-vis spectra of henna aqueous extract and lawsone solution of different pH mediums were analyzed to select the detection wavelength and the reference solution for determining lawsone content in henna powder by spectrophotometer.Selecting 453 nm as the detection wavelength,with henna powder extract in hydrochloric acid of pH value 2 as the reference solution,the absorbance value of the testing solution samples in NaOH solution of pH=12 as the working medium,the lawsone mass concentration in the henna powder sample was quantified based upon comparison with the standard calibration curve.The results showed that within the lawsone mass concentration range of 10~140 mg/L,the absorbance follows Lambert-Beers law;the linear correlation coefficient is r=0.999 95 and the precision RSD is less than 0.47%.The absorbancevalue of the sample solution can keep stable within 14 h,while the lawsone spiked recoveries achieves 99.0%~100.0%.The method is simple,reliable,and can be used to detect the lawsone content in henna powder. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标