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2015年, 第45卷, 第7期　刊出日期：2015-07-22 上一期    下一期

基础研究

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十二烷基硫酸钠对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液黏度特性的影响 Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate on viscosity characteristics of aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone solution 陈杰, 吴业帆, 祝梦, 方云 2015 (7):  361-366.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.001 摘要 ( 351 )   PDF(929KB) ( 395 )   利用乌氏黏度计在(30±0.05) ℃条件下研究了不同聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)质量浓度与不同十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度组合的复合溶液的黏度,观察到PVP-SDS溶液黏度曲线上存在双临界浓度c1和c2,表明在c1和c2之间SDS以束缚胶束形式簇集在PVP高分子链上;研究了不同“比簇集量”的PVP-SDS团簇溶液的比浓黏度特性,发现比浓黏度随PVP质量浓度降低反而显著增大,偏离了单纯PVP溶液而与典型的聚电解质聚丙烯酸钠(NaPAA)溶液相似;计算了PVP-SDS团簇中高分子链的均方末端距r2及其与单纯PVP类比的链相对扩张量k值,发现随着比簇集量[Г]增加k值增大。根据实验结果,将上述现象解释为由于带电的SDS束缚胶束簇集在PVP高分子链上,产生了“聚电解质效应”,从而导致高分子链扩张。 Flow time data of aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium dodecyl sulfate(PVP-SDS) complex solutions composed of different PVP mass concentrations (ρPVP) and SDS concentrations (cSDS) were examined with Ubbelohde viscometer.Observation results showed that there exists double critical concentrations of SDS,c1 and c2 on the flow time plots of PVP-SDS solutions,which means SDS bound-micelles were associated in cluster on PVP chains.It was also found that the reduced specific viscosity (ηsp/ρPVP) of PVP-SDS solutions increases with the decrease of ρPVP evidently in lower ρPVP scope,which was different from the behavior of simple aqueous PVP solution but similar to the typical polyelectrolyte sodium polyacrylate solution.The mean square end-to-end distance r2 and the relative expansion value k of PVP chains in the PVP-SDS cluster as compared with that of the simple PVP chains were calculated,and k values increases with the increase of specific clustered quantity [Г].Such an abnormal phenomenon in reduced specific viscosity curve was reasonably explained based on the calculation results and was attributed to the coil expansion of PVP chains caused by the charged SDS bound-micelles associated in cluster on PVP chains,which resulted in a unique effect on reduced specific viscosity similar to the “polyelectrolyte effect”. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

科技讲座

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表面活性剂的性能与应用(ⅩⅨ)——表面活性剂在工业及公共设施清洗剂中的应用 Performance and applications of surfactants (ⅩⅨ) Applications of surfactants in industrial and institutional cleaning 郝姗姗,赵莉,徐宝财 2015 (7):  367-370.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.002 摘要 ( 316 )   PDF(1951KB) ( 796 )   首先简单介绍了表面活性剂的去污原理,然后综述了表面活性剂在工业及公共设施清洗剂中的应用,最后提出了目前存在的问题并对其发展方向进行了展望。 The detergency mechanism of surfactants was briefed,and then the applications of surfactants in industrial and institutional cleaning (I&I) were summarized.Finally,currently existing problems and their development outlooks were prospected. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

开发与应用

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双癸基二甲基羧酸铵反离子碳链长度对其表面活性和应用性能的影响 Influence of carbon chain length of counter-ion of didecyldimethylammonium carboxylate on its surface activity and application performance 唐伟月, 耿涛, 董子良, 鞠洪斌, 姜亚洁 2015 (7):  371-374.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.003 摘要 ( 240 )   PDF(781KB) ( 314 )   通过对不同反离子碳链长度(n=2,4,6,8,10,12)的双癸基二甲基羧酸铵的表面活性及泡沫性能、乳化性能和润湿性能进行测定,探讨反离子碳链长度对季铵盐表面活性剂的表面活性及应用性能的影响。结果表明:随着反离子碳链长度(n=2,4,6,8,10,12)的增加,双癸基二甲基羧酸铵的表面活性逐渐增强,其临界胶束浓度(cmc)逐渐减小,最低表面张力(γcmc)先降低后升高,当反离子碳链长度n=10时,γcmc达到最低,降低水表面张力20 mN/m的效能(pc20)逐渐增大,饱和吸附量(Гtotal)逐渐增大,单个分子占有面积(Am)逐渐减小;泡沫性能和乳化性能均随着反离子碳链长度的增加先增强后减弱;润湿性能随着反离子碳链长度的增加而逐渐增强。 Influence of carbon chain length of counter-ion of didecyldimethylammonium carboxylate with separate carbon chain length (n=2,4,6,8,10,12) on its surface activity and application performance was explored via determination of surface activity as well as foaming performance,emulsifying performance and wetting performance of the quaternary ammonium salt.Results indicated that as the carbon chain length of the counter-ion increases gradually,the surface activity of the quaternary ammonium carboxylate increases gradually too;while its cmc declines gradually;its minimum surface tension (γcmc) declines firstly and rises afterward,achieving at a lowest value as the carbon chain length equivalents to n=10.Meanwhile,the efficacy for lowering the water surface tension of 20 mN/m (pc20) increases gradually;saturate adsorption (Гtotal) increases gradually;the area occupied by a single molecule of the surfactant (Am) decreases gradually.As the increase of the carbon chain length,both the foaming and emulsifying performance enhance firstly and decline afterward;while the wetting performance enhances. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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尺度效应对三元复合驱色谱分离的影响 Effect of length scale on chromatographic separation of alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding 杨长春, 岳湘安, 张立娟, 刘凯, 张昱 2015 (7):  375-380.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.004 摘要 ( 260 )   PDF(1762KB) ( 397 )   针对化学驱油剂存在色谱分离及评价三元复合驱效果的合适尺度模型问题,利用电位滴定法分别测定采出液中碱和表面活性剂的质量浓度,利用淀粉-碘化镉法定量测定聚合物的质量浓度。在油藏温度69 ℃的条件下,分别考察30,100和240 cm填砂管对ASP三元复合驱油体系色谱分离的影响。研究结果表明:填砂管尺度从30 cm增加到240 cm,聚合物、碱和表面活性剂的无因次突破时间依次增加;填砂管尺度从30 cm增加到100 cm,聚合物、碱和表面活性剂之间的运移滞后系数均相差较大,色谱分离严重,但色谱分离程度没有加剧;填砂管尺度从100 cm增加到240 cm,色谱分离程度有减弱的趋势。实验室及油田现场评价三元复合驱效果的模型尺度应超过100 cm。 In view of chromatographic separation problem of chemical displacing agent and suitable scale models for evaluation of effect of alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding,potentiometric titration method was used separately for quantitative determination of alkali and surfactant mass concentration of the effluen, while for quantitative determination of polymer mass concentration of the effluent,cadmium iodide and starch method was used.At the conditions of reservoir temperature of 69 ℃,chromatographic separation of the length scales sandpack of 30,100 and 240 cm on ASP flooding was separately investigated.The results showed that,with the scales of sandpack ranging from 30 to 240 cm,the normalized breakthrough time of polymer,alkali and surfactant is stepwise increasing correspondingly.With the scales of sandpack ranging from 30 to 100 cm,all the migration lag coefficients between the three components display rather big difference;the chromatographic separation is serious,but the degree of chromatographic separation does not increase.With the scales of sandpack ranging from 100 to 240 cm,there is a trend of decline of the degree of chromatographic separation.The model scale for the evaluation of effect of ASP flooding in the laboratory as well as in the oilfield site should be more than 100 cm. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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非碱性条件下磷酸镍钴分子筛对甘油催化氧化反应研究 Study of catalytic oxidation of glycerol on cobalt-nickel phosphate molecular sieve under non-alkaline condition 王增龙, 王超, 刘雷 2015 (7):  381-384.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.005 摘要 ( 333 )   PDF(2619KB) ( 357 )   采用水热合成法制备了磷酸镍钴分子筛(Co-VSB-1),将焙烧后的样品作为催化剂,在非碱性条件下以H2O2作为氧化剂用于甘油的催化氧化反应,考察了反应时间、温度以及H2O2和甘油摩尔比对甘油催化活性和选择性的影响。结果表明:Co-VSB-1作为催化剂对甘油酸和甲酸具有较高的选择性,当n(H2O2)∶n(甘油)=2∶1,反应时间为4 h,反应温度为70 ℃时,甘油的转化率为8.2%,甘油酸、甲酸和乙醇酸的选择性分别为45.1%,49.9%和5.0%。同时,通过催化性能实验,发现Co-VSB-1骨架中的钴离子作为催化活性中心对甘油的氧化起到了催化作用。 Cobalt-nickel phosphate molecular sieve (Co-VSB-1) was prepared adopting hydrothermal method.The calcined Co-VSB-1 was used as catalyst for the oxidation of glycerol with H2O2 as oxidant under non-alkaline condition.The effect of reaction conditions,such as the reaction time,temperature,H2O2/glycerol molar ratio,on the conversion and selectivity of glycerol oxidation were investigated in detail.The results showed that the Co-VSB-1 displays rather high selectivity with main oxidation products of glyceric acid and formic acid.Under the reaction conditions as:H2O2/glycerol molar ratio of 2,reaction time of 4 h and reaction temperature of 70 ℃,the conversion ratio of glycerol was 8.2% and the selectivity of glyceric acid,formic acid and glycolic acid was 45.1%,49.9% and 5.0%,respectively.Meanwhile,catalyst performance test result showed that the cobalt ions in the framework of Co-VSB-1 are responsible for the catalytic oxidation of glycerol. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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稳定剂对洗涤剂中过碳酸钠漂白活化体系的影响 Effect of stabilizer on bleaching activation system of sodium per-carbonate in laundry detergent 李林, 许元妹, 卢丽霞, 赵顺祥 2015 (7):  385-388.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.006 摘要 ( 334 )   PDF(818KB) ( 419 )   通过将稳定剂加入到含漂白活化体系的洗衣粉中,考察稳定剂对其性能的影响。不同洗涤时间段过酸释放体含量的变化情况测试表明稳定剂的加入可以缓解过酸释放体的分解水平;去污性能测试表明稳定剂的加入可以提高洗涤剂对有色污渍的低温去除效果;洗涤护色实验测试表明稳定剂的加入可以明显减小洗涤剂对织物颜色的损伤。当采用稳定剂乙二胺二琥珀酸钠和乙二胺四甲叉膦酸钠复配使用时,去污力和护色效果均有明显提升。 The effect of stabilizers on laundry powder detergent was studied by formulating stabilizers into laundry powder detergent with bleaching activation system of sodium per-carbonate.The results from per-acid release test showed that the addition of the stabilizer can ease the decomposition level of sodium per-carbonate.The detergency performance test results showed that the addition of the stabilizer can enhance the detergency on soiled cloth with colored stains,and the color protection test showed that the addition of the stabilizer can significantly reduce the damage on color of the fabric.In case the stabilizer was composed of blend of sodium ethylenendiamino-disuccinate and sodium ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate),the detergency and the color protecting effect of the laundry powder was substantially upgraded. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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强效下水管道疏通剂的研制 Preparation of a strong potent sewer pipeline dredging agent 陈颜婷 2015 (7):  389-392.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.007 摘要 ( 312 )   PDF(773KB) ( 287 )   采用表面活性剂、强碱、强氧化剂、闪熔速通因子和助热剂,制备了一种下水管道疏通剂。研究确定了影响其疏通效果的配方因素,并通过正交试验得到较优配比。实验结果表明,当w(Ca(OH)2)=65%,w(Ca(ClO)2)=21%,w(SDBS)=4%,n(Ca(OH)2)∶n(Al)=1∶2,m(C6H11NaO7)∶m(Al)=1∶5时,制得的下水管道疏通剂疏通效果较佳,且其对大部分金属腐蚀率较小。 Surfactant,strong alkali,strong oxidizing agent,flash melting and quick dredging component as well as heat-assisting agent were used to prepare a strong potent sewer pipeline dredging agent.The formulation factors affecting dredging were identified via experimental tests.The optimal formulation was studied by orthogonal test.Results showed that when the mass fraction of Ca(OH)2 is 65%,Ca(ClO)2 21% and surfactant 4%,the molar ratio of Ca(OH)2 to aluminum is 1∶2,and the mass ratio of C6H11NaO7 to aluminum is 1∶5,better efficacy of the dredging agent can be obtained,and the corrosion rates on most kinds of metal were rather low. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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绿豆萌芽不同部位总酚酸和总黄酮量的测定及其抗氧化能力 Antioxidant activity as well as content of total flavonoids and phenolic acids in different parts of mung bean sprouts 李丽, 张小慧, 龚盛昭, 陈庆生, 任晗坤, 董银卯 2015 (7):  393-396.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.008 摘要 ( 343 )   PDF(776KB) ( 327 )   绿豆在萌芽过程中会发生一系列生化反应,测定了绿豆萌芽中根、胚、皮和茎的总酚酸和总黄酮含量;以VC为阳性对照,利用DPPH自由基清除实验测定绿豆萌芽不同部位醇提物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:绿豆萌芽根、胚和皮中总黄酮的含量存在显著性差异,萌芽豆皮中总黄酮含量最高,其总黄酮含量分别为根、胚和茎的6.6,3.3和2.9倍;绿豆萌芽胚、皮和茎的抗氧化活性较高,接近于VC的抗氧化活性;绿豆萌芽总黄酮的含量与其抗氧化活性之间有显著相关性。 When sprouting,a series of biochemical reactions will happen in the mung beans.The contents of total phenolic acids and total flavonoids in different parts of mung bean sprouts (root,embryo,skins and stems) were determined.Antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts was also evaluated by scavenging capability on DPPH free radicals using vitamin C as the reference.The results indicated that the contents of total flavonoids in root,embryo and skins of mung beans exhibit obvious difference.On the whole,the content of total flavonoids in the skins was significantly higher than that in the other parts.It is 6.6,3.3 and 2.9 times of that in root,embryo and stems respectively.Antioxidant activity of skins,embryo and stems was relatively high and close to the antioxidant activity of VC.The content of total flavonoids in the sprouts has a significant correlation with their antioxidant activity. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

专论与综述

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表面活性离子液体的表面性能及在水溶液中聚集行为的研究进展 Surface activity and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution of surface active ionic liquids 李萍, 杜志平, 王国永, 杨效益, 郭朝华 2015 (7):  397-403.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.009 摘要 ( 287 )   PDF(4666KB) ( 474 )   综述了表面活性离子液体的表面活性及在水溶液中聚集行为的主要研究成果,重点介绍了影响表面活性离子液体表面活性的因素及表面活性离子液体在水溶液中形成的有序聚集体。在此基础上,分析了表面活性离子液体的表面活性及在水溶液中的聚集行为研究存在的问题和未来的发展方向。 The surface active properties and aggregation behavior of surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) in aqueous solution were summarized.The effects of surface tension,as well as the aggregates formed in aqueous solution were reviewed emphatically.Finally,the existing problems and development prospects of the studies on the SAILs solution were discussed. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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分散剂结构对水煤浆性能的影响 Influence of dispersant structure on the performance of coal-water slurry 周春明, 曹青, 常宏宏 2015 (7):  404-408.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.010 摘要 ( 339 )   PDF(1021KB) ( 521 )   介绍了水煤浆和常见分散剂的特点,阐述了制备高浓度水煤浆的影响因素、分散剂同煤粒的作用机理,重点综述了分散剂结构对水煤浆性能产生的影响和规律。另外,给出了理想分散剂可能具有的结构以及合成它的一些建议。 Characteristics of coal-water slurry (CWS) and conventional dispersants for its preparation were introduced.Factors that affect the preparation of highly concentrated CWS and mechanism for action of the dispersant on the pulverized coal were described.Influence and principle of molecular structure of different dispersants on performance of the CWS were emphatically summarized.In addition,model for possible molecular structure of a perfect dispersant as well as the way for its synthesis was proposed 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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敏感皮肤成因解析及化妆品抗敏活性评价进展 Brief analysis of causes for sensitive skin and progress on evaluation methods for anti-allergic activity of cosmetics 樊琳娜, 贾焱, 蒋丽刚, 毕永贤, 董银卯, 何聪芬 2015 (7):  409-414.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.011 摘要 ( 537 )   PDF(1485KB) ( 702 )   简要介绍了敏感皮肤的成因,并对其与皮肤刺激和过敏的关系进行了阐述;总结了针对敏感皮肤化妆品活性成分的研究现状;重点分类综述了化妆品活性成分的屏障功能修护功效评价实验。 The causes of sensitive skin and its relationship with skin irritation and allergy were briefed.The status for research work with respect to development of cosmetic active ingredients for anti-allergic purpose was summarized.Progress on experimental evaluation methods of cosmetic's activity for shielding and protecting sensitive skin was highlighted. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

分析与检测

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内标法与外标法测定餐具洗涤剂中甲醇含量的分析比较 Comparison of analysis methods for determination of methanol content in dishwashing detergent adopting ISTD and ESTD 张鹏, 卢伟, 管磊 2015 (7):  415-417.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2015.07.012 摘要 ( 367 )   PDF(827KB) ( 482 )   对GB 9985—2000中内标法测定餐具洗涤剂中甲醇含量的方法进行了改进,并比较了内标法和外标法在测定洗涤剂中甲醇含量的差异。通过向洗涤剂样品中加入异丁醇内标液,用75%乙醇定容到一定体积,经0.45 μm针式微孔滤膜过滤,DB-FFAP色谱柱分离,火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测,内标法和外标法分别计算洗涤剂中甲醇的含量。实验得到方法的检出限为0.5 mg/L,内标法和外标法的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.4%~0.9%和0.6%~1.2%,平均回收率分别为100%~102%和95%~99%。结果表明,采用内标法和外标法的定量方式获得的结果均能满足检测要求,但内标法的精密度和回收率优于外标法。 The method for determination of methanol content in dishwashing detergent adopting ISTD as specified in GB 9985—2000 was improved.Difference between ISTD method and ESTD method for determination of methanol content in dishwashing detergent was compared.Via the spiking of isobutanol and dilution with 75% ethanol up to the specified volume,then filtered through 0.45 μm pinhole membrane,the prepared sample solution was separated by DB-FFAP chromatographic column and detected by FID detector,quantified separately with ISTD and ESTD.Results showed that the detection limit was 0.5 mg/L,the relative standard derivation of ISTD and ESTD were 0.4%~0.9% and 0.6%~1.2% respectively,and the average recovery were 100%~102% and 95%~99% respectively.Both the quantitative results with ISTD and ESTD can satisfy the requirement specified in the National Standard.However,the precision and recovery of ISTD method are better than that of ESTD method. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标