低渗透油藏深部调剖技术研究进展与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.013

Abstract

Abstract:

The complex microscopic pore structure and strong heterogeneity of low-permeability reservoirs pose severe challenges to the effectiveness and long-term stable production of in-depth profile control technology. Based on the analysis of issues such as water channeling mechanisms and the compatibility between profile control agents and reservoirs, the mechanisms and research progress of three major in-depth profile control technologies were reviewed, including polymer gels, preformed particle gels（PPG）, and polymer microspheres. Specifically, the molecular design principles of polymer gels for achieving deep plugging through controllable crosslinking were summarized; the dynamic “migration-plugging-remigration” profile control mechanism of PPG based on elastic deformation was analyzed; and the unique advantages of polymer microspheres in in-depth fluid diversion through size matching and elastic properties were discussed. Finally, it was proposed that future research should focus on the development of intelligent responsive profile control materials, the synergistic optimization of in-depth profile control materials and injection processes, and the quantitative analysis of elastic action mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical support for the efficient and intelligent development of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs.

Key words: low-permeability reservoir, polymer gel, preformed particle gel, polymer microsphere, in-depth profile control

CLC Number:

TQ423

Guoyan Ma, Yaru Zhang, Yanzhe Yang, Weibo Wang, Zhuanying Zhan. Advances and prospects of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(7): 943-951.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Fig.3

Tab.2

Fig.4

Tab.3

Fig.5

References 52

[1]	Dai Caili, Cao Mengjiao, Wu Yining, et al. Research progress on micro-nano pore oil-water-rock microscopic interfacial interactions[J]. Journal of Shenzhen University (Science and Technology), 2021, 38(6): 551-562.
[2]	Yue L, Xu Y, Jian Z, et al. Research of profile control agent for low permeability reservoir and plugging performance[J]. Petrochemical Industry Application, 2018, 37(1): 11-32.
[3]	Diwu P, Liu T, You Z, et al. Effect of low velocity non-Darcy flow on pressure response in shale and tight oil reservoirs[J]. Fuel, 2018, 216: 398-406. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.041
[4]	Abe K, Seddiqi K N, Hou J, et al. Experimental performance evaluation and optimization of a weak gel deep-profile control system for sandstone reservoirs[J]. ACS Omega, 2024, 9(7): 7597-7608. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10244 pmid: 38405446
[5]	Su Xujie, Lu Jinrong, Yin Yanbin, et al. Study on water channeling mechanism and influencing factors in low-permeability reservoirs: A case study of X block in ordos basin[J]. Inner Mongolia Petrochemical Industry, 2020, 46(10): 122-124.
[6]	Mou Hansheng, Lu Wenming, Cao Changxiao, et al. Research on EOR methods for deep-water turbidite reservoirs: A case study of X reservoir in angola[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2021, 49(2): 79-89.
[7]	Yang Jie. Adaptability evaluation and effect analysis of profile control technology in fractured low-permeability reservoirs[J]. Petrochemical Technology, 2022, 29(5): 60-62.
[8]	Li X, Wang J, Ni J, et al. Compatibility evaluation of in-depth profile control agents for low-permeability fractured reservoirs[J]. Gels, 2022, 8(9): 575.
[9]	He Ziang. Study on profile control mechanism and field application effect of in-depth profile control agents[J]. Chemical Engineer, 2021, 35(6): 69-72.
[10]	Wang Hao, Gao Xi, Wang Chuxin, et al. Application and mechanism of high-efficiency in-depth profile control chemicals in enhanced oil recovery[J]. Contemporary Chemical Industry, 2024, 53(4): 892-896.
[11]	Li M, Hu J, Wang X, et al. Gelation performance of HPAM-Cr³⁺ gels for reservoir profile control: The impact of propagation distance and optimization design[J]. Gels, 2025, 11(11): 872.
[12]	Wang K, Luo M, Pu J, et al. Effect and mechanism of zirconium crosslinker on retarding degradation of HPAM/PEI gel system in medium-salinity reservoirs[J]. SPE Journal, 2024, 29(11): 6516-6529. doi: 10.2118/223597-PA
[13]	Liu J, Zhong L, Wang C, et al. Investigation of a high temperature gel system for application in saline oil and gas reservoirs for profile modification[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020, 195: 107852. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107852
[14]	Ding F, Dai C, Sun Y, et al. Gelling behavior of PAM/phenolic crosslinked gel and its profile control in a low-temperature and high-salinity reservoir[J]. Gels, 2022, 8(7): 433.
[15]	Li Y K, Hou J R, Wu W P, et al. A novel profile modification HPF-Co gel satisfied with fractured low permeability reservoirs in high temperature and high salinity[J]. Petroleum Science, 2024, 21(1): 683-693. doi: 10.1016/j.petsci.2023.08.019
[16]	Lin Haoxin, He Hong, Zhang Xueshuo, et al. Preparation and performance of high-strength gel system for deep water shutoff in offshore high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs[J]. Petrochemical Technology, 2024, 53(11): 1619-1624.
[17]	Lu S, Bo Q, Zhao G, et al. Recent advances in enhanced polymer gels for profile control and water shutoff: A review[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2023, 11: 1067094. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1067094
[18]	Ilavya A, Rathwa P, Paine S, et al. Gelation studies of nanographene oxide-augmented nanocomposite polymer gel systems for water shutoff technique in oil reservoirs[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2025, 421: 126928. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2025.126928
[19]	Fadil N A, Irawan S, Mohd Isa N A, et al. Gelation behavior of polyacrylamide reinforced with nano-silica for water shutoff treatment in oil field[J]. Solid State Phenomena, 2020, 307: 252-257. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP
[20]	Lu S, Liu Q, Li P, et al. Preparation and enhancement mechanisms of a novel modified nanographite hybrid polymer gel for profile control in deep reservoirs[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, 681: 132774. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132774
[21]	Shamlooh M, Elaf R, Hussein I A, et al. Chitosan/polyacrylamide green gels for water control in high-temperature reservoirs[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 36(7): 3816-3824. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00242
[22]	Lin Meiqin, Wei Xianxian, Dong Zhaoxia, et al. Rheological properties of starch grafted polyacrylamide gel[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petroleum Processing Section), 2020, 36(4): 801-811.
[23]	Loganathan P, Sukhbir S H K, Amir Z. Effect of temperature, salinity, and pH on nanocellulose-improved polymer gel for oilfield water control[J]. Gels, 2025, 11(3): 151.
[24]	Mu Meng, Li Yang, Li Xingyao, et al. Gelation performance and profile control effect of polyurethane organic gel plugging agent[J]. Oilfield Chemistry, 2025, 42(3): 434-441.
[25]	Mao Rui, Shi Leiting, Liang Huhu, et al. Performance of deep plugging system in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2025, 54(8): 1953-1959.
[26]	Wang K, Guo Y, Wen J, et al. Magnetic smart polymer gel with directional plugging for conformance control in oil reservoirs[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2024, 405: 125046. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125046
[27]	Wang H, Yang C, Zhang Y, et al. Preparation and effect of CO₂response gel for plugging low-permeability reservoirs[J]. Gels, 2024, 10(7): 449.
[28]	Ben A A, Elaf R, Saad M, et al. Impact of composition and salinity on swelling and gel strength of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) preformed particle gel[J]. Emergent Materials, 2024, 7(2): 565-575. doi: 10.1007/s42247-023-00510-2
[29]	Zhou K, Wu D, An Z. Experimental study on matched particle size and elastic modulus of preformed particle gel for oil reservoirs[J]. Gels, 2022, 8(8): 506.
[30]	Ma W, Li Y, Liu P, et al. Progress of research into preformed particle gels for profile control and water shutoff techniques[J]. Gels, 2024, 10(6): 372.
[31]	Nie Kun, Chen Dong, Shi Qionglin, et al. Synthesis and performance of AM-AA-HBA terpolymer plugging agent[J]. Chemical Research and Application, 2022, 34(9): 2235-2240.
[32]	Zhu D, Hou J, Wei Q, et al. Terpolymer gel system formed by resorcinol-hexamethylenetetramine for water management in extremely high-temperature reservoirs[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(2): 1519-1528. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03188
[33]	Ousseini O S, Peng B, Miao Z, et al. Synthesis and influence of modified nano-SiO₂ Grafted poly (AM-AA-AMPS) onto swelling behavior, degradation and its viscosity[J]. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2025, 1335: 141987. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141987
[34]	Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, et al. Development of novel delayed swelling polymer gel particles with salt resistance for enhanced in-depth permeability control[J]. SPE Journal, 2024, 29(4): 2060-2075. doi: 10.2118/218394-PA
[35]	Ali A B, Hamza A, Almakimi A A, et al. Carboxymethyl cellulose-based preformed particle gels for water management in oil and gas reservoirs[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2024, 241: 213164. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213164
[36]	Elaf R, Ali A B, Saad M, et al. Development of eco-friendly chitosan-g-polyacrylamide preformed particle gel for conformance control in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, 230: 212136. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212136
[37]	Baloochestanzadeh S, Hassanajili S, Escrochi M. Rheological properties and swelling behavior of nanocomposite preformed particle gels based on starch-graft-polyacrylamide loaded with nanosilica[J]. Rheologica Acta, 2021, 60(10): 571-585. doi: 10.1007/s00397-021-01287-z
[38]	Ben A A, Elaf R, Almakimi A A, et al. Development of agar-based preformed particle gel for water control in high-salinity reservoirs[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2024, 63(19): 8524-8541. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c00582
[39]	Pandit Y K, Mahto V, Udayabhanu G, et al. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of a nanomaterial reinforced particle gel system for the control of excessive water production in the mature oil fields[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2024, 235: 212707. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2024.212707
[40]	Wang J, Liu H, Wang Z, et al. Experimental investigation on the filtering flow law of pre-gelled particle in porous media[J]. Transport in Porous media, 2012, 94(1): 69-86. doi: 10.1007/s11242-012-9988-x
[41]	Yao C, Liu B, Li L, et al. Transport and retention behaviors of deformable polyacrylamide microspheres in convergent-divergent microchannels[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(17): 10876-10884. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02243
[42]	Zhao W, Liu H, Wang J, et al. Investigation of restarting pressure gradient for preformed particle gel passing through pore-throat[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018, 168: 72-80. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.05.005
[43]	Liu Yigang, Ding Mingchen, Han Yugui, et al. Migration and profile control characteristics of branched preformed particle gels in reservoirs[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 2018, 40(3): 393-399.
[44]	Cai Yina, Peng Xuefei. Preparation and performance evaluation of polymer microspheres for profile control and flooding[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 2022, 51(6): 746-748.
[45]	Meng Lingtao, Wang Yanling, Xu Ning, et al. Preparation and performance of polymer nanospheres for deep profile control and flooding in low-permeability reservoirs[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2021, 50(7): 1757-1760, 1764.
[46]	Zuo Q, Fan Z, Liu Q, et al. Preparation of double-networked slow-expanding nanomicrospheres and evaluation of drive modulation performance[J]. Molecules, 2024, 29(22): 5378.
[47]	Pu J, Bai B, Geng J, et al. Dual crosslinked poly (acrylamide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) microspheres with re-crosslinking ability for fossil energy recovery[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, 224: 211604. doi: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211604
[48]	Shagymgereyeva S, Sarsenbekuly B, Kang W, et al. Performance evaluation of fluorescent polymer gel microspheres as a reservoir conformance control agent[J]. Gels, 2025, 11(2): 85.
[49]	Xiang W, Li L, Dong Y, et al. Ultra-high temperature and salinity resistant microspheres featuring “Rigid hydrophobic core-soft hydrophilic shell” structure for deep reservoir profile control[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 509: 161432. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.161432
[50]	Meng Xianghai, Zhang Jie, Gao Shang, et al. Migration law and profile control performance of polymer elastic microspheres in porous media[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2020, 20(23): 9314-9319.
[51]	Zhao S, Pu W, Wei B, et al. A comprehensive investigation of polymer microspheres (PMs) migration in porous media: EOR implication[J]. Fuel, 2019, 235: 249-258. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.125
[52]	Chen Xin, Liu Shun, Zhao Gang, et al. Macro-micro matching boundary between polymer microspheres and pore throats[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2025, 32(2): 122-131.

凝胶体系类型	合成单体/聚合物	交联剂	主要性能特点	深部调剖适用性	参考文献
金属离子交联聚合物凝胶	PAM、AM/AA共聚物	Cr³⁺、Al³⁺、Zr⁴⁺配位交联	成胶快、成本低、封堵强度较高	适合中低温、中低矿化度油藏；深部应用需控制成胶时间	[10-12]
酚醛/有机交联凝胶	PAM、AM类聚合物	酚醛树脂、糠醛等	成胶时间可调，耐温性较好	适合中高温油藏，可实现延迟成胶与深部封堵	[13-16]
纳米/碳基增强凝胶	PAM+SiO₂、纳米石墨、氧化石墨烯等	化学交联+纳米材料增强	网络致密，热稳定性和抗冲刷性较好	适合高温高盐、强非均质油藏长效封堵	[17-20]
天然高分子复合凝胶	淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖等改性天然高分子+PAM	天然高分子骨架+化学交联	环境友好，保水性和稳定性较好	适合绿色调剖材料开发，深部适用性取决于稳定性	[21-23]
溶胶-凝胶相态转变型有机凝胶	PHEAA、HDI、有机溶剂体系等	羟基-异氰酸酯反应	初始黏度低，受热后原位成胶	适合“先运移、后成胶”，可降低近井过早封堵风险	[24]
智能响应型聚合物凝胶	PAM基体、环氧乳液、CO₂响应聚合物、Fe₃O₄@PEI等功能复合体系	动态交联、响应交联或外场调控	可响应环境变化，实现可控封堵	适合复杂油藏中定点封堵和响应型控水	[25-27]

凝胶体系类型	典型体系	主要单体/组成	主要性能特点	深部调剖适用性	参考文献
二元共聚型	P（AM-co-AA）、P（AM-co-AMPS）	AM-AA、AM-AMPS	膨胀性好，耐盐性可调	适合需要膨胀封堵的高渗优势通道	[28-30]
功能单体共聚型	P（AM-AA-AMPS）、P（AM-DMDAAC-SSS）、P（AM-AMPS-NVP）	AM、AA、AMPS-NVP等	兼顾膨胀性、耐盐性、耐温性和结构强度	适合高温、高盐或强非均质低渗透油藏深部调剖	[31,32]
延迟膨胀型	延迟膨胀耐盐PPG	AM类单体、疏水单体、功能单体	初期膨胀慢，后期逐渐封堵	适合“先深部运移、后膨胀封堵”，可降低近井过早堵塞风险	[34]
天然高分子复合型	CMC/PAM、琼脂/PAM、壳聚糖/PAM、淀粉/PAM等	羧甲基纤维素、琼脂、淀粉、AM等	环境友好，吸水保水能力强，耐盐性较好	适合绿色调剖材料开发及高矿化度油藏控水	[35-38]
纳米/无机增强型	SiO₂-PPG、黏土增强PPG、石墨烯等	AM、AA等+SiO₂、黏土等	强度高，热稳定性和抗冲刷性好	适合强非均质油藏深部长效封堵	[39]

对比项目	预交联凝胶颗粒（PPG）	聚合物微球
制备方法	预聚合交联后造粒、干燥和筛分	乳液、反相乳液或分散聚合制备
粒径范围	多为几十微米至毫米级，吸水后进一步增大	多为纳米至微米级，水化后可增至微米或数十微米级
膨胀机制	亲水基团吸水膨胀，膨胀倍率较高	水化膨胀和链段舒展，受交联密度、盐度和温度影响
适用孔喉尺度	更适合裂缝、大孔喉和高渗优势通道	适合微细孔喉和低渗透油藏深部调剖
弹性/力学特征	膨胀后颗粒强度相对较高，侧重架桥、堆积和强封堵	弹性变形和形变恢复能力较突出，侧重变形通过、再运移和逐级封堵

Advances and prospects of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 52

Related Articles 3

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 10

[1]	Hong Yang, Kang Yang, Ying Liu, Zhenzhen Shen, Kai Liu, Fangna Liu, Zhangchao Wang. Study on the adaptability of CO₂ composite channeling plugging system in fractured ultra-low permeability reservoirs [J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55(3): 305-312.
[2]	Liao Jianjun, Li Huabin, Deng Jinpin, He Gang, Liu Sisi, Zhang Xiao. Experimental study on polymer gel profile control and flooding in high-temperature heterogeneous reservoirs [J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2023, 53(4): 373-381.
[3]	YANG Hong-bin,KANG Wan-li,LI Zhe,Bauyrzhan Sarsenbekuly,JIANG Hai-zhuang,WANG Jia-lin. Study on the design and synthesis of amphiphilic polymers and their synergistic systems (XI) Amphiphilic-polymer gels [J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2020, 50(11): 743-748.