天然生物质材料的制备、性质与应用（Ⅰ）——自然界唯一的碱性多糖：甲壳素/壳聚糖

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.01.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

甲壳素是自然界除纤维素之外的第二大天然生物材料,也是自然界唯一的碱性多糖。甲壳素及其脱乙酰基衍生物壳聚糖因为分子结构中存在着氨基、羟基、乙酰氨基、糖苷键等多种活性基团,可发生多种化学反应以制得具有特定性质和用途的功能材料,在医药卫生、环境保护、纺织印染、造纸、食品及日用化工等多个行业中得到广泛应用。本文阐述了甲壳素、壳聚糖的名称、结构和来源,以及常规生产方法、理化性质和近期的应用进展情况,并指出了甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物当前存在的问题和发展方向。

关键词: 甲壳素, 壳聚糖, 碱性多糖, 衍生物, 制备, 性质, 应用

Abstract:

Chitin is the second most abundant naturally occurring biological material after cellulose, as well as the unique alkaline polysaccharide in nature. Chitin, and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, i.e., a linear copolymer of β-（1→4）-linked 2- acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose, offer an excellent set of characteristics as functional materials: biocompatibility, biodegradability to harmless products, high bioavailability, nontoxicity, physiological inertness, antibacterial properties, heavy metal ions chelation, gel forming properties and hydrophilicity, and remarkable affinity to protein and tissue. Due to the presence of amino, hydroxyl, acetyl amino groups and glycosidic bonds in the molecules of chitin and chitosan, many special functional derivatives can be produced by schiff base modification, carboxylation, alkylation, acylation, quaternization, graft copolymerization, cross-linking, and degradation. Owing to these unique characteristics and excellent functions, chitin, chitosan and their derivatives have been widely used in various industrial fields, such as pharmaceutical industry, environmental protection, textile printing and dyeing, paper making, food, tissue engineering, enzyme immobilization, and daily-use chemical industries. Herein, the name, structure and origin of chitin and chitosan, as well as the conventional production methods, physical and chemical properties and current application status of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives, were introduced.

Key words: chitin, chitosan, basic polysaccharide, derivative, preparation, property, application

中图分类号:

TQ658

隋振全,毛金超,徐桂云,范金石. 天然生物质材料的制备、性质与应用（Ⅰ）——自然界唯一的碱性多糖：甲壳素/壳聚糖[J]. 日用化学工业, 2022, 52(1): 7-14.

Sui Zhenquan,Mao Jinchao,Xu Guiyun,Fan Jinshi. Preparation, properties and applications of natural biomass materials (Ⅰ) The unique alkaline polysaccharide in nature: chitin/chitosan[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2022, 52(1): 7-14.

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类别	种类	含量
节肢动物	甲壳纲（如虾、蟹）	58%~85%
	昆虫纲（如蝗、蝶、蚊、蝇）	20%~60%
	蛛形纲（如蜘蛛、蝎、螨）	4%~22%
软体动物	双神经纲（如石鳖）	3%~26%
	腹足纲（如鲍、蜗牛）
	掘足纲（如角贝）
	瓣鳃纲（如蚶、牡蛎）
	头足纲（如乌贼）
环节动物	原环虫纲（如角蜗虫）	有的含甲壳素极少,高的含有20%~38%
	毛足纲（如沙蚕、蚯蚓）
	蛭纲（如蚂蟥）
原生动物	鞭毛虫纲（如锥体虫）	含甲壳素较少
	肉足虫纲（如变形虫）
	纤毛虫纲（加革履虫）
	孢子虫纲（如原虫）
腔肠动物	水螅虫纲（如中水螅、筒螅）	一般含甲壳素很少,但有的可达3%~30%
	钵水母纲（如海月水母、海蛰、霞水母）
	珊瑚虫纲
海藻	绿藻	含少量甲壳素
真菌	子囊菌、担子茵、藻茵等	从微量到45%不等
其他	动物的关节、蹄、足的坚硬部分,以及动物肌肉与骨接合处