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2014年, 第44卷, 第6期　刊出日期：2014-06-22 上一期    下一期

基础研究

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电纺制备海藻酸辛酰胺/聚乙烯醇纤维及其性能研究 Fabrication and performance of octyl-grafted amphiphilic alginate derivative/polyvinyl alcohol blend nanofibers by electrospinning method 魏思宝, 张世鑫, 李嘉诚, 冯玉红, 张学良, 李可, 黄俊浩 2014 (6):  301-305.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.067 摘要 ( 289 )   PDF(2630KB) ( 476 )   采用辛胺对海藻酸钠(SA)进行疏水改性得到具有两亲性的海藻酸辛酰胺(OAAD),并用静电纺丝法制出SA/聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维和OAAD/PVA纤维。通过红外光谱仪、核磁共振波谱仪、表面张力仪、荧光光谱仪、电导率仪、扫描电镜和接触角测量仪分别对OAAD,电纺液和电纺纤维的性能进行了表征。结果表明,辛胺基成功接枝到SA分子链上,OAAD的表面张力比SA低,荧光实验测得OAAD的临界聚集质量浓度为0.60 g·L-1,改善了SA的疏水性。通过对比SA/PVA和OAAD/PVA电纺纤维在水中的溶解性能和疏水性能,发现改性海藻酸盐电纺纤维在水中完全溶解时间由5 h变为48 h,其接触角由31°增大至57°,这表明OAAD/PVA电纺纤维的抗水性和疏水性较SA/PVA电纺纤维得到了改善。 Octyl-grafted amphiphilic alginate derivative (OAAD) was prepared by hydrophobical modification of sodium alginate (SA) and octyl amine.Then SA/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and OAAD/PVA fibers were fabricated by electrostatic-spinning method.Performance of OAAD,the electrospinning solution and the electrospinning fibers were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR),surface tensiometer,fluorescence spectrum,electrical conductivity,scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurement.Experimental results showed that octyl amine groups have successfully grafted to the sodium alginate molecular chains.The surface tension of modified alginate is lower than SA and the critical aggregation mass concentration is reduced to 0.60 g·L-1,which improves the hydrophobicity of SA.Comparing water solubility and hydrophobic properties of SA/PVA electrospinning fibers with that of OAAD/PVA electrospinning fibers,it shows that the dissolution time of modified alginate electrospun fibers completely dissolved in the water rise from 5 h to 48 h,while their contact angle increase from 31° to 57°,which indicates that in comparison with SA/PVA electrospinning fibers,the water-resistant and hydrophobic properties of OAAD/PVA electrospinning fibers have been improved. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠黏弹性胶束及其流变与破胶性能 Studies on the rheological and breaking behaviors of viscoelastic micelles of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate 李楷, 刘会强, 李建山, 陆红军, 顾雪凡, 燕永利 2014 (6):  306-311.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.068 摘要 ( 320 )   PDF(2171KB) ( 406 )   采用阴离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)与NaCl制备黏弹性胶束。采用流变仪、黏度计和冷冻断裂蚀刻透射电子显微镜(FF-TEM),研究了在不同浓度条件下AES与NaCl溶液形成胶束体系的微观结构、流变性能、破胶机理以及重复利用性能。通过对溶液剪切黏度、剪切应力、动态模量、复合黏度等物理量的测量,结合体系宏观挑挂照片和微观FF-TEM分析,发现该体系在较宽的频率范围内呈现蠕虫状网状结构和优良的流变性能。NaCl对蠕虫状胶束的形成有很大影响,在一定的范围内随着NaCl浓度的增大,体系黏度显著增大;通过内相破胶剂实现了体系破胶可控性的目的,破胶后体系表现出分散均一的颗粒状,该体系具有重复利用的可行性。 Microstructure,rheological performance,breaking mechanism and recycling performance of the viscoelastic micelles prepared from anionic surfactant fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were investigated using the rheometer,viscometer and freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM).Via measurement of physical quantities of the surfactant solution,such as shearing viscosity,shearing stress,dynamic modules,composited viscosity et al,in combination with analysis of observations from macroscopic photos and microscopic FF-TEM images,it were discovered that the micelle system shows overlapping network structure displaying good viscoelasticity.NaCl has a great impact on the formation of wormlike micelles.With the increase of NaCl concentration within a certain range,the viscosity significantly increases.The broken micelle system exhibits well-distributed droplets and could be utilized for micelle breaking through adding internal phase breaker.Reuse of the system is feasible. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

科技讲座

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表面活性剂的性能与应用(Ⅵ)——表面活性剂的液晶及其应用 Properties and applications of surfactants (Ⅵ) Surfactant liquid crystal and its applications 苏鹏权, 刘红芹, 徐宝财, 周雅文 2014 (6):  312-316.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.069 摘要 ( 413 )   PDF(800KB) ( 441 )   综述了液晶的形成、结构特点、分类和表征手段,重点介绍了表面活性剂液晶在纳米无机材料、润滑添加剂、化妆品、石油开采和药物等方面的应用。 Formation,structural characteristics,classification and characterization methods of liquid crystal were summarized;and focused on the application of surfactant liquid crystal in the inorganic nano-materials,lubricant additives,cosmetics,oil exploitation and medicines et al. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

开发与应用

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烷基糖苷与其他表面活性剂复配用于中性脱墨 Application of alkyl polyglycoside and blend of alkyl polyglycoside with other surfactants in neutral deinking 董平, 王正德 2014 (6):  317-319.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.070 摘要 ( 269 )   PDF(824KB) ( 474 )   以废旧报纸为脱墨对象,研究了以烷基糖苷(APG)为主的单一、双组分和三组分表面活性剂作为中性脱墨剂的脱墨效果,确定APG/AES/Tween 60质量比为60/20/20时,脱墨效果较好,脱墨后所得纸浆白度达到59.2%。采用正交试验法确定了较佳脱墨条件:脱墨剂用量1%,碎浆时间3 h,熟化温度60 ℃,熟化时间40 min,浮选时间30 min。 Deinking effect of alkyl polyglycoside (APG) as well as blend of APG with other surfactants for recycled newspaper was studied.Results showed that a blend of three surfactants,composed of APG/AES/Tween 60 with mass ratio of 60/20/20 can provide best effect,and whiteness of the recycled paper product reaches 59.2%.The optimal conditions were determined by orthogonal designed experiment as:deinking agent dosage,1%;pulping time,3 h;curing temperature,60 ℃;curing time,40 min;floatation time,30 min. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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造纸用乳化蜡制备工艺的研究 Study on technology for preparation of wax emulsion for paper-making 杨藏军, 宋宇翔, 吴亮, 陈文艺 2014 (6):  320-323.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.071 摘要 ( 298 )   PDF(798KB) ( 540 )   以石蜡和聚乙烯蜡为原料制备改性石蜡,并进一步制备乳化蜡,考察了乳化剂及工艺条件对乳化蜡性能的影响。结果表明,在HLB值为10的复合乳化剂Tween 20+Span 40+硬脂酸的用量为24%,乳化温度为90 ℃,搅拌速度为900 r·min-1,乳化时间为40 min的工艺条件下,制得稳定性和分散性较好的乳化蜡,适合作造纸施胶用蜡。 Paraffin wax and polyethylene wax were used as raw materials for the preparation of modified paraffin that was further processed to prepare wax emulsion for paper-making.Effects of emulsifier and process conditions on performance of the wax emulsion were investigated.Results showed that under condition as the HLB of compounded emulsifier consisting of Tween 20+Span 40+Stearic acid is 10;the dosage of compounded emulsifier is 24%;the temperature is 90 ℃;the stirring speed is 900 r·min-1;the emulsifying time is 40 min;the prepared wax emulsion shows good stability and dispersity.It is suitable for use in paper sizing process. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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烷基改性有机硅弹性体凝胶的合成及表征 Synthesis and characterization of alkyl-modified silicone elastomer gel 李韶隆, 曹光群, 杨成, 孙培冬 2014 (6):  324-327.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.072 摘要 ( 254 )   PDF(798KB) ( 305 )   以含氢硅油(PMHS)和1-十二烯为原料,氯铂酸/无水乙醇为催化剂,采用硅氢加成法得到烷基改性的含氢硅油(R-PMHS),研究了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量对R-PMHS接枝效率的影响,结果表明,合成R-PMHS适宜的条件为:反应温度100 ℃,反应时间5 h,催化剂(m(氯铂酸)/m(无水乙醇)=1/500)用量为1-十二烯质量的0.25%,此条件下接枝效率可达97.27%。进一步以乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷(Vi-PDMS)为交联剂,十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)为溶胀剂,合成了烷基改性的有机硅弹性体凝胶(R-SEG),研究了n(1-十二烯)/n(Si-H)对R-SEG的溶胀度及与油脂相容性的影响,结果表明,当n(1-十二烯)/n(Si-H)=0.1~0.4时,R-SEG的溶胀度随n(1-十二烯)/n(Si-H)的增大而增大,当n(1-十二烯)/n(Si-H)≥0.3时,R-SEG与辛酸/癸酸甘油酯(GTCC)可形成透明均一的凝胶。 Alkyl-modified polymethylhydro-siloxane (R-PMHS) was prepared by polymethylhydro-siloxane (PMHS) and 1-dodecene though hydrosilylation,with chloroplatinic acid/ethanol as catalyst.Effects of reaction temperature,reaction time and catalyst dosage on the grafting effectiveness of R-PMHS were discussed.Results showed that the suitable conditions for synthesis of R-PMHS were as follows:reaction temperature,100 ℃;reaction time,5 h;catalyst (m(chloroplatinic acid)/m(ethanol)=1/500) dosage,0.25% of the mass of 1-dodecene.Under the above said conditions,the grafting effectiveness could reach 97.27%.Then alkyl-modified silicone elastomer gel (R-SEG) was prepared with R-PMHS as matrix,vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (Vi-PDMS) as crosslinking agent,decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) as swelling agent,chloroplatinic acid as catalyst.Effect of mole ratio n(1-dodecene)/n(Si-H) on the swelling extent and oil compatibility of the R-SEG were studied.Results showed that R-SEG's swelling extent and compatibility increases with the increase of mole ratio n(1-dodecene)/n(Si-H) in the range of 0.1 to 0.4,a uniform and transparent gel forms when n(1-dodecene)/n(Si-H) reaches 0.3. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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京尼平交联的丝素蛋白-壳聚糖微球的制备及表征 Preparation and characterization of genipin-crosslinked silk fibroin/chitosan microspheres 叶漫文, 曾曙光, 高文峰, 容明灯, 郭泽鸿, 石勇, 干辉勇 2014 (6):  328-332.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.073 摘要 ( 251 )   PDF(1443KB) ( 328 )   以乳化交联法制备京尼平交联的丝素蛋白(SF)-壳聚糖(CS)微球,考察了SF,CS和京尼平的用量对微球的表观形态、粒径、溶胀率和物理化学性质的影响。结果表明:以京尼平1.0 g,CS和SF各0.2 g;京尼平0.05 g,CS和SF各0.2 g;京尼平0.5 g,CS 0.2 g,SF 0.4 g;京尼平0.5 g,CS 0.2 g,SF 0.1 g;京尼平0.1 g,CS 0.2 g,SF 0.1 g等5种组合制备出的微球,形态较为规则,表面较光滑,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径分别为71.13,146.60,74.09,89.00和109.83 μm。经FTIR和XRD证实,京尼平使得SF和CS的氨基发生交联,SF的结构从α螺旋状或者无序蜷曲状改变为β折叠状。 Genipin-crosslinked silk fibroin (SF)/chitosan (CS) microspheres was prepared by emulsion crosslinking technique.Effect of dosage of CS,SF and genipin on surface morphology,size distribution,swelling ratio and physicochemical property of the microspheres were examined.Results showed that the microspheres which prepared by 1.0 g genipin,CS 0.2 g and SF 0.2 g;0.05 g genipin,CS 0.2 g and SF 0.2 g;0.5 g genipin,CS 0.2 g and SF 0.4 g;0.5 g genipin,CS 0.2 g and SF 0.1 g;0.1 g genipin,CS 0.2 g and SF 0.1 g,are rather regularly spherical and well distributed in shape,and their average diameters are about 71.13,146.60,74.09,89.00 and 109.83 μm,respectively.Characterization from FTIR and XRD results confirmed that genipin causes the crosslinking reaction of the amino groups of SF and CS.Further,genipin could induce structure of the SF from random coil shape or α-helix shape to β-folded sheet shape. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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微波加热下多胺树脂催化合成乳酸丁酯 Synthesis of butyl lactate using polyamine resin as catalyst under microwave heating 李善吉, 李文超, 曹庆翔, 张云霄 2014 (6):  333-335.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.074 摘要 ( 201 )   PDF(803KB) ( 355 )   以聚氯乙烯-多乙烯多胺树脂(PVC-PP)作催化剂,用微波辐射加热,对乳酸和丁醇酯化反应进行了研究。讨论了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、原料配比、丁醇的化学结构及催化剂用量等对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,在正丁醇用量为0.24 mol,乳酸用量为0.08 mol,催化剂用量为0.5 g,微波功率为400 W,辐射时间为12 min的条件下,酯的产率可达96.5%。同时多胺树脂在使用5次后,酯的产率基本保持不变。 Esterification of lactic acid and butyl alcohol was studied,in which polyvinyl chloride-polyethylene polyamine (PVC-PP) resin was used as catalyst and heating was conducted with microwave irradiation.The effects of microwave irradiation power,irradiation time,mole ratio of the starting materials,chemical structure of the butyl alcohol and dosage of the catalyst on the reaction were discussed.Results showed that the ester yield achieves 96.5% under conditions as amount of n-butyl alcohol 0.24 mol,amount of lactic acid 0.08 mol,dosage of the catalyst 0.5 g,power of the microwave 400 W and irradiation time 12 min.The catalyst can be used for five times without significant reduction of the product yield. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

专论与综述

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反相囊泡的制备与表征研究进展 Progress in research work with respect to preparation and characterization of reverse vesicles 李轶, 王新城, 李义伟, 曹杰, 展思辉 2014 (6):  336-342.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.075 摘要 ( 252 )   PDF(1681KB) ( 318 )   综述了反相囊泡的制备方法和表征手段。磷脂类、阳离子和阴离子表面活性剂的混合物、生物表面活性剂、含有多金属氧酸盐的混合表面活性剂、蔗糖酯、聚氧乙烯醚以及鞘氨醇类等多种物质均能用于反相囊泡的制备。通过动态和静态光散射法、小角中子散射法、小角X射线散射法以及多种显微镜(冷冻蚀刻电子显微镜、微分干涉显微镜、偏光显微镜、透射电子显微镜、荧光显微镜、共聚焦荧光显微镜等)手段可进行反相囊泡的有效表征。 Preparation and characterization methods of reverse vesicles were reviewed.Phospholipids,cationic/anionic surfactant mixtures,biosurfactants,polyoxometalate-containing hybrid surfactants,sucrose esters,polyoxyethylene ethers and sphingosines can all be used to prepare reverse vesicles.Dynamic light scattering,static light scattering,small-angle neutron scattering,small angle X-ray scattering and microscopy (FF-TEM,DIC,POL,TEM,fluorescence microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy) can be used to characterize the prepared reverse vesicles effectively. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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皮革工业用新型表面活性剂的应用进展 Progress on the application of new surfactant in leather industry 吕斌, 王泓棣, 马建中, 侯雪艳, 高党鸽 2014 (6):  343-347.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.076 摘要 ( 243 )   PDF(827KB) ( 437 )   综述了天然表面活性剂、双子表面活性剂、高分子表面活性剂、反应型表面活性剂和特种表面活性剂等新型表面活性剂的性能以及在皮革工业中的应用现状;最后针对新型表面活性剂在皮革工业应用中存在的问题,对其发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。 Performance of several kinds of new surfactants such as natural surfactants,gemini surfactants,polymer surfactants,reactive surfactants and special surfactants were briefed and the application of new surfactants in leather industry was reviewed.Existing problems about applications of new surfactants in leather industry,orientation of development as well as the future prospects of this field were outlooked. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

分析与检测

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等离子发射光谱法同时测定爽身粉中的铅、砷、汞和硼 Determination of lead,arsenic,mercury and boron in talcum powder by ICP-OES 史国生, 王小兵, 李启艳, 李俊婕, 于海英, 高文超 2014 (6):  348-350.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.077 摘要 ( 238 )   PDF(746KB) ( 270 )   建立了同时测定爽身粉中的铅、砷、汞和硼4种禁限用物质的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)。采用微波消解处理样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定4种禁限用物质。结果表明,4种元素分别在0.5~6,0.05~0.5,0.02~0.2和2~20 mg·L-1范围内时,各元素响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,样品中各元素的加标回收率在88.0%~108.8%。将该方法应用于爽身粉中禁限用物质的快速筛查,结果满意。 A method for the simultaneous determination of the forbidden and restricted elements lead (Pb),arsenic (As),mercury (Hg) and boron (B) in talcum powder by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was established.After being pretreated with microwave digestion,the four forbidden and restricted elements in talcum powder were detected by ICP-OES.Results indicated that the relationship between the responds and the mass concentration of the four elements shows good linearity within the range of 0.5-6,0.05-0.5,0.02-0.2 and 2-20 mg·L-1,respectively.All the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.999.Spiked recoveries of the four elements are between 88.0% and 108.8%.This method has been applied for quick screening of forbidden and restricted elements in cosmetics,with satisfactory results. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

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高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中8种美白成分 Determination of eight kinds of whitening ingredients in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography 陆军 2014 (6):  351-355.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.078 摘要 ( 277 )   PDF(814KB) ( 467 )   建立了高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)同时测定化妆品中维生素C磷酸酯镁、维生素C、β-熊果苷、曲酸、氢醌、烟酰胺、4-甲氧基水杨酸钾和苯酚8种美白成分的方法。样品用甲醇提取,采用ODS-2 HYPERSIL色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)分离,以甲醇-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液为流动相梯度洗脱。结果表明,8种美白成分在2～500 mg·L-1内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均不低于0.998,方法检出限为0.3～1.0 ng,回收率为91.1%～105.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.12%～3.20%。 An analytical method for determination of eight kinds of whitening ingredients [vitamin C magnesium phosphate,vitamin C,β-arbutin,kojic acid,hydroquinone,nicotinamide,potassium 4-methoxy salicylate and phenol] in cosmetics by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was established.The sample was extracted with methanol and separation was performed on column ODS-2 HYPERSIL (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).Mobile phase for gradient elution was methanol-potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with concentration of 0.02 mol·L-1.The detection results show good linearity within the range of 2-500 mg·L-1 with the correlation coefficients more than 0.998.The detection limits are in the range of 0.3-1.0 ng.The recoveries are between 91.1% and 105.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.12% to 3.20%. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标

生产与技术

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用双峰聚乙烯生产餐具洗洁精包装瓶的试验 Test of adopting bimodal MWD polyethylene for manufacture of bottles containing dish washing detergent 谭开键, 吕真伟 2014 (6):  356-358.  doi: 10.13218/j.cnki.csdc.2014.06.079 摘要 ( 198 )   PDF(745KB) ( 360 )   为解决用5000S塑料生产的500 mL餐具洗洁精产品内包装瓶在运输销售过程中出现的漏损问题,选用型号为5000S,GF7750,5200B和BB2581(双峰聚乙烯)4种高密度聚乙烯塑料为原材料生产餐洗内包装塑料瓶,对其进行坐屈强度及耐环境应力性能对比等试验。结果表明,BB2581具有优良的加工和使用性能,坐屈强度平均值420 N。以BB2581为原料生产的塑料瓶技术指标达到或超过企业标准,解决了500 mL洗洁精产品包装瓶市售出现的质量问题。 To solve the leakage problem in the transportation and selling process of 500 mL plastic bottles manufactured with 5000S polyethylene resin containing dish washing detergent,bottles made of four kinds of high density polyethylene resin,5000S,GF7750,5200S and BB2581 (bimodal MWD polyethylene) were adopted for packaging of dish washing detergent with tests for comparison of their yield strength and resistance to environmental stress conducted.The results indicated that BB2581,with the average yield strength of 420 N,displays excellent processing and application performance.The technical indices of plastic bottles made of BB2581 reaches or exceeds the manufacturer's standard.Then the quality problem of dish washing detergent product caused by packaging bottle leakage has been solved successfully. 参考文献 | 相关文章 | 计量指标