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日用化学工业 ›› 2022, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 585-593.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1803.2022.06.002

• 科技讲座 • 上一篇    下一篇

天然生物质材料的制备、性质与应用(Ⅵ)——可直可支的植物储能多糖:淀粉

王长运1,郝旸1,樊建茹1,唐文俊1,徐桂云2,范金石1,3,*()   

  1. 1.青岛科技大学 海洋科学与生物工程学院,山东 青岛 266042
    2.青岛科技大学 化学与分子工程学院,山东 青岛 266042
    3.青岛科技大学 省部共建生态化工国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛 266042
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-28 出版日期:2022-06-22 发布日期:2022-06-22
  • 通讯作者: 范金石
  • 基金资助:
    生态化工国家重点实验室培育基地开放基金项目(STHG202002)

Preparation, properties and applications of natural biomass materials (Ⅵ) Straight or branched energy storage polysaccharide from plants: starch

Wang Changyun1,Hao Yang1,Fan Jianru1,Tang Wenjun1,Xu Guiyun2,Fan Jinshi1,3,*()   

  1. 1. College of Marine Science and Bioengineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
    2. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
    3. State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
  • Received:2022-05-28 Online:2022-06-22 Published:2022-06-22
  • Contact: Jinshi Fan

摘要:

淀粉是自然界中的植物储能多糖,由两种分子结构的高分子——直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成,具有天然无毒、可再生、来源广泛、可生物降解等特点,已广泛应用于食品、医药、造纸、化妆品等不同行业领域。但天然原淀粉自身的结构特点和性质也在一定程度上限制了其开发和应用,物理、化学和生物技术改性可赋予淀粉更丰富的分子结构和更多样的功能性质,能极大地提高其应用性能、拓展其应用范围。本文阐述了淀粉的结构、来源以及理化性质、生产方法、改性手段和近期的应用进展情况,并展望了淀粉未来的研究开发方向。

关键词: 淀粉, 改性淀粉, 来源, 结构, 制备, 性质, 应用

Abstract:

Starch is the plant energy storage polysaccharide in nature, usually occurring as granules. A starch from a specific plant source is unique among starches, i.e., starch granules from the various plant sources differ in appearance, particle size distribution, fine structure of the constituent polymer molecules and physical properties. Granular starch is generally composed of two types of molecules, amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a predominantly linear (1,4)-α-D-glucan, although some amylose molecules are slightly branched. Amylopectin has a branch-on-branch structure consisting of mostly short chains of (1,4)-linked α-D-glucopyranosyl units linked to other short, linear chains via α-(1,6) branch points. The amylopectin fraction is composed of much larger molecules than those of amylose. Different molecular structures and size, amylose/amylopectin ratios, and granular architectures give each type of starch its unique properties. Due to the special characteristics of native non-toxicity, renewability, broad sources and biodegradability, starch has been widely used in food, medicine, papermaking industry, cosmetics, etc. Furthermore, after physical, chemical and biological modification, starch can be endowed with more diverse molecular structure and more abundant functional properties, which may greatly improve its applied properties and extend its application fields. Herein, the structure, source, physical and chemical properties, typical production methods, main modification methods and recent application advance of starch are introduced, and the research trend and development prospect of starch in the future are also pointed out.

Key words: starch, modified starch, source, structure, preparation, property, application

中图分类号: 

  • TQ658