表面活性素的定量检测、高效合成及应用研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

表面活性素（Surfactin）是由芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）微生物合成的一种环状脂肽类生物表面活性剂，具备优异的表面活性、乳化性能与广谱抗菌活性，在日用化工、生物医药、石油开采、农业及食品工业中展现出广阔的应用前景。然而，其产业化仍面临产量低、检测难度大、生产成本高等瓶颈。文章系统综述了表面活性素研究的三大核心方向：在检测方面，从基于表面活性效应的传统初筛技术到高精度仪器分析，形成了多层次、互补的分析体系；在合成方面，综合运用传统诱变、代谢工程改造及合成生物学策略，显著提升了表面活性素的产量，同时结合发酵工艺优化进一步推动其工业化进程；应用方面，表面活性素在绿色日化、医药抗肿瘤、石油驱替、农业生物防治及食品保鲜等领域表现出替代化学表面活性剂的潜力。未来，结合多组学分析与合成生物学工具，构建高效细胞工厂并优化工艺，将推动表面活性素在可持续发展背景下的规模化应用。

关键词: 表面活性素, 检测方法, 高效合成, 代谢工程, 生物表面活性剂, 应用前景

Abstract:

Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant synthesized by Bacillus sp., exhibits exceptional surface activity, emulsifying properties, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Surfactin has significant potential for applications in detergents, biomedicine, petroleum recovery, agriculture, and food industry. However, its industrial production remains limited by low yield, detection challenges, and high costs. In this review, three core research areas of surfactin have been systematically summarized: In terms of detection, a multi-level analytical framework has been established, ranging from traditional preliminary screening techniques based on surface activity to high-precision instrumental methods; in terms of synthesis, integrated strategies including classical mutagenesis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology have significantly enhanced surfactin production, while fermentation process optimization further promotes its industrialization; in terms of application, surfactin shows promising potential as a sustainable alternative in green daily chemicals, anticancer and antimicrobial therapeutics, microbial enhanced oil recovery, agricultural biocontrol, and food preservation. Future advances will rely on the integration of multi-omics and synthetic biology tools to construct efficient cell factories and optimize production processes, thereby facilitating the large-scale application of surfactin within a sustainable development framework.

Key words: surfactin, detection method, efficient synthesis, metabolic engineering, biosurfactant, application prospect

中图分类号:

TQ423

姜昕, 刘堃, 姜博, 刘岩峰. 表面活性素的定量检测、高效合成及应用研究进展[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2026, 56(7): 960-967.

Xin Jiang, Kun Liu, Bo Jiang, Yanfeng Liu. Research progress in quantitative detection, high-efficient synthesis, and applications of surfactin[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(7): 960-967.

图/表 4

表1

常见表面活性素检测方法"

检测方法	检测原理	优势	局限性	适用场景
油滴塌陷法^[5]	基于表面活性素可显著降低油水表/界面张力的性质，能够使油滴铺展开来，呈塌陷形态	检测快速、易于执行、可重现、现象明显、几乎不需要专用设备	人为和环境因素影响大；无法区分表面活性素与其他生物表面活性剂	初步筛选
排油圈法^[5]	根据表面活性素的表面活性，通过形成的排油圈直径与表面活性素浓度成正比，达到定量分析的目的	操作简单、迅速	人为和环境因素影响大；无法区分表面活性素与其他生物表面活性剂	初步筛选
CPC-BTB比色法^[6]	CPC与BTB形成稳定的复合物，表面活性素能够与CPC发生竞争性结合，释放BTB，引发明显的色移响应	操作简便，设备门槛低；试剂成本低，易获取；效率高，适用于批量样品	需绘制样品标准曲线；易受其他阴离子物质干扰	批量样品快速筛查
薄层色谱法^[9]	利用表面活性素在固定相和流动相中的不同分配系数进行分离	操作简便、成本低	分辨率较低，仅用于初步鉴定	初步筛查
高效液相色谱法^[8]	利用表面活性素在色谱柱中不同保留时间进行成分的分离	分辨率高，适用于复杂样品的分析	实验操作复杂、耗时；定性能力弱；仪器设备成本较高	表面活性素发酵过程的准确定量监测、浓度标定
质谱法^[12]	通过质荷比（m/z）进行鉴定	灵敏度高，可提供分子结构信息	实验设备昂贵，需专业人员操作	结构确认、定性分析
气相色谱-质谱联用法^[5]	气相色谱中根据吸附剂对各组分吸附力不同导致的差速迁移，来实现各组分的分离；质谱中根据各组分经离子源电离，生成不同荷质比的离子，从而实现各组分的分离	高分辨率、高灵敏度、高速，是分离和检测复杂化合物的最有力工具之一	仪器设备成本高，各试剂需要一定的纯度	表面活性素的降解机制、前体物质定性定量分析
高效液相色谱-质谱联用法^[7]	结合HPLC的分离能力和MS的检测能力进行定量	定性定量一体化；灵敏度极高；可分析同系物	操作复杂、设备成本高	复杂基质样品中表面活性素的定性定量、精准分析
高效薄层色谱法（HPTCL）^[10]	样品中的各组分根据其在固定相和流动相中的分配系数不同而被分离	精密度和准确率高，具有良好的重现性，可同时定量多种复杂成分	实验设备昂贵，各实验试剂需是分析级别	表面活性素发酵条件优化的批量定量检测

表1

图1

图2

图3

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