离子液体：药食同源植物功效成分提取的新选择

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2025.06.014

Abstract

Abstract:

Medicine and food homologous plants play important roles in the fields of food nutrition and traditional Chinese medicines. Traditional extraction techniques, despite their practical value, pose problems such as environmental pollution and resource wastage. With the advancement in research of medicine and food homologous plants and natural products, seeking for efficient and environmentally friendly extraction methods has become a hot topic. Ionic liquids （ILs）, as a type of novel green solvents, have shown great potential in the field of natural product extraction due to their unique physicochemical properties. Herein, the research progress of ionic liquids for extraction of functional components from medicine and food homologous plants has been reviewed, including the basic characteristics of ionic liquids, their development history, and the mechanisms in extracting functional components from natural products. The definition, types, and functional components of medicine and food homologous plants were introduced in detail, and the application examples of ionic liquids in extraction of these plant components were analyzed. Additionally, the advantages of using ionic liquids for extraction were discussed, such as high selectivity, tunability, and environmental friendliness. The current challenges were also pointed out, including cost issues and safety. Finally, the future development trend of ionic liquids in extraction of functional components from medicine and food homologous plants was prospected.

Key words: ionic liquid, homology of medicine and food, functional component, extraction, green chemistry

CLC Number:

TQ658

Xingyu Zhao, Liqin Zhou, Zhenxia Zhao, Yan Huang. A new option for extracting functional components from medicine and food homologous plants: Ionic liquids[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2025, 55(6): 795-802.

Figures/Tables 7

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References 60

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植物	食用组织	药用组织	药用价值	功效成分
山楂	果	花、果	消食积、化滞瘀、降血压等	黄酮、多糖、有机酸等^[5]
薄荷	茎、叶	茎、叶	疏散风热、清利头目、利咽等	挥发油、黄酮类、有机酸等^[6]
绿豆	果实及种子	果实及种子	清热祛暑、解毒利水等	黄酮类、酶、多糖等^[7]
花椒	果实及种子	果实及种子	散寒止痛、止呕止泻等	生物碱、挥发油等^[8]
姜	根	根	驱寒、暖胃、治感冒等	挥发油、黄酮、姜多糖等^[9]
罗汉果	果实	果实	清肺利咽、降血糖等	皂甙、黄酮等^[10]

特性	RTILs	传统溶剂
适用性	多功能	单功能
手性	可调	很少
蒸气压	很低，可以忽略不计	遵循C-Clapeyron方程
易燃性	不易燃	易燃
溶解能力	强溶解性	弱溶解性
极性	可设计	传统极性
可设计性	多维度	有限范围
黏度/（mPa·s）	22~40 000	0.2~100

植物来源	目标活性成分	离子液体	工艺	参考文献
铜陵白姜	多糖、姜辣素	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	超声波辅助提取	[30]
人参	人参多糖	1-己基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐	超声波辅助提取	[3]
库拉索芦荟	芦荟多糖、蛋白质	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	双水相萃取	[29]
桑叶	桑叶多糖	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	双水相萃取	[31]
山楂	多糖、黄酮	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	超声波辅助双水相萃取	[5]

植物来源	目标活性成分	离子液体	工艺	参考文献
葛根	葛根素	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐	超声辅助提取法	[34]
荷叶	荷叶黄酮	1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	超声辅助萃取	[37]
沙棘	总黄酮	1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐	微波辅助提取	[38]
杭白菊	木犀草素糖苷、芹菜素糖苷等	1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐	微波辅助提取	[36]
桑黄	总黄酮	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐	双水相溶剂浮选法	[39]
半边莲	黄酮类化合物	1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐	超声辅助萃取法	[40]
椪柑	黄酮、果胶	胆碱亮氨酸[Ch][Leu]	双水相萃取	[41]

植物来源	目标活性成分	离子液体	工艺	参考文献
黄连	小檗碱	1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐	微波辅助提取	[45]
荷	N-去甲荷叶碱、莲心碱、荷叶碱、异莲心碱、罗默碱和氧化莲心碱	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐	制备色谱	[43]
黄皮	盐酸小檗碱	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	超声辅助提取	[46]
毛峰	咖啡因	1-（3-磺酸）丙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐	萃取	[47]

A new option for extracting functional components from medicine and food homologous plants: Ionic liquids

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植物来源	目标活性成分	离子液体	工艺	参考文献
姜	姜油	1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐	超声辅助法-酶解法	[9]
黄柠檬	柠檬精油	1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐	水蒸气蒸馏法	[50]
款冬	款冬精油	1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐	水蒸气蒸馏法	[51]
肉桂、连翘	肉桂精油、连翘精油	1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐	微波辅助萃取	[49]
八角、孜然	八角精油、孜然精油	1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐	微波辅助萃取	[52]
桂花	桂花精油	1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑甲基磷酸盐	萃取	[53]
五味子	五味子精油	1-月桂基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐	微波辅助萃取	[54]

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