低渗透油藏深部调剖技术研究进展与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.07.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

低渗透油藏复杂的微观孔隙结构与强烈的非均质性，对深部调剖技术的有效性及稳产时效提出了严峻考验。本文在剖析低渗透油藏水窜机制及调剖剂与储层适配性等关键问题的基础上，梳理了聚合物凝胶、预交联凝胶颗粒及聚合物微球三类深部调剖技术的作用机制与研究现状。重点总结了聚合物凝胶通过可控交联实现深部封堵的分子设计原则，归纳了预交联凝胶颗粒基于弹性变形实现的“运移-封堵-再运移”动态调剖机理，评述了聚合物微球通过尺寸匹配与弹性特质在深部液流转向中的独特优势。最后提出，未来研究应聚焦于智能响应型调剖材料开发、深部调剖材料与注入工艺协同优化及弹性作用机理定量解析，旨在为低渗透油藏深部调剖技术的高效与智能化发展提供理论支撑。

关键词: 低渗透油藏, 聚合物凝胶, 预交联凝胶颗粒, 聚合物微球, 深部调剖

Abstract:

The complex microscopic pore structure and strong heterogeneity of low-permeability reservoirs pose severe challenges to the effectiveness and long-term stable production of in-depth profile control technology. Based on the analysis of issues such as water channeling mechanisms and the compatibility between profile control agents and reservoirs, the mechanisms and research progress of three major in-depth profile control technologies were reviewed, including polymer gels, preformed particle gels（PPG）, and polymer microspheres. Specifically, the molecular design principles of polymer gels for achieving deep plugging through controllable crosslinking were summarized; the dynamic “migration-plugging-remigration” profile control mechanism of PPG based on elastic deformation was analyzed; and the unique advantages of polymer microspheres in in-depth fluid diversion through size matching and elastic properties were discussed. Finally, it was proposed that future research should focus on the development of intelligent responsive profile control materials, the synergistic optimization of in-depth profile control materials and injection processes, and the quantitative analysis of elastic action mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical support for the efficient and intelligent development of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs.

Key words: low-permeability reservoir, polymer gel, preformed particle gel, polymer microsphere, in-depth profile control

中图分类号:

TQ423

马国艳, 张亚茹, 杨延哲, 王维波, 展转盈. 低渗透油藏深部调剖技术研究进展与展望[J]. 日用化学工业（中英文）, 2026, 56(7): 943-951.

Guoyan Ma, Yaru Zhang, Yanzhe Yang, Weibo Wang, Zhuanying Zhan. Advances and prospects of in-depth profile control technology in low-permeability reservoirs[J]. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(7): 943-951.

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凝胶体系类型	合成单体/聚合物	交联剂	主要性能特点	深部调剖适用性	参考文献
金属离子交联聚合物凝胶	PAM、AM/AA共聚物	Cr³⁺、Al³⁺、Zr⁴⁺配位交联	成胶快、成本低、封堵强度较高	适合中低温、中低矿化度油藏；深部应用需控制成胶时间	[10-12]
酚醛/有机交联凝胶	PAM、AM类聚合物	酚醛树脂、糠醛等	成胶时间可调，耐温性较好	适合中高温油藏，可实现延迟成胶与深部封堵	[13-16]
纳米/碳基增强凝胶	PAM+SiO₂、纳米石墨、氧化石墨烯等	化学交联+纳米材料增强	网络致密，热稳定性和抗冲刷性较好	适合高温高盐、强非均质油藏长效封堵	[17-20]
天然高分子复合凝胶	淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖等改性天然高分子+PAM	天然高分子骨架+化学交联	环境友好，保水性和稳定性较好	适合绿色调剖材料开发，深部适用性取决于稳定性	[21-23]
溶胶-凝胶相态转变型有机凝胶	PHEAA、HDI、有机溶剂体系等	羟基-异氰酸酯反应	初始黏度低，受热后原位成胶	适合“先运移、后成胶”，可降低近井过早封堵风险	[24]
智能响应型聚合物凝胶	PAM基体、环氧乳液、CO₂响应聚合物、Fe₃O₄@PEI等功能复合体系	动态交联、响应交联或外场调控	可响应环境变化，实现可控封堵	适合复杂油藏中定点封堵和响应型控水	[25-27]

凝胶体系类型	典型体系	主要单体/组成	主要性能特点	深部调剖适用性	参考文献
二元共聚型	P（AM-co-AA）、P（AM-co-AMPS）	AM-AA、AM-AMPS	膨胀性好，耐盐性可调	适合需要膨胀封堵的高渗优势通道	[28-30]
功能单体共聚型	P（AM-AA-AMPS）、P（AM-DMDAAC-SSS）、P（AM-AMPS-NVP）	AM、AA、AMPS-NVP等	兼顾膨胀性、耐盐性、耐温性和结构强度	适合高温、高盐或强非均质低渗透油藏深部调剖	[31,32]
延迟膨胀型	延迟膨胀耐盐PPG	AM类单体、疏水单体、功能单体	初期膨胀慢，后期逐渐封堵	适合“先深部运移、后膨胀封堵”，可降低近井过早堵塞风险	[34]
天然高分子复合型	CMC/PAM、琼脂/PAM、壳聚糖/PAM、淀粉/PAM等	羧甲基纤维素、琼脂、淀粉、AM等	环境友好，吸水保水能力强，耐盐性较好	适合绿色调剖材料开发及高矿化度油藏控水	[35-38]
纳米/无机增强型	SiO₂-PPG、黏土增强PPG、石墨烯等	AM、AA等+SiO₂、黏土等	强度高，热稳定性和抗冲刷性好	适合强非均质油藏深部长效封堵	[39]

对比项目	预交联凝胶颗粒（PPG）	聚合物微球
制备方法	预聚合交联后造粒、干燥和筛分	乳液、反相乳液或分散聚合制备
粒径范围	多为几十微米至毫米级，吸水后进一步增大	多为纳米至微米级，水化后可增至微米或数十微米级
膨胀机制	亲水基团吸水膨胀，膨胀倍率较高	水化膨胀和链段舒展，受交联密度、盐度和温度影响
适用孔喉尺度	更适合裂缝、大孔喉和高渗优势通道	适合微细孔喉和低渗透油藏深部调剖
弹性/力学特征	膨胀后颗粒强度相对较高，侧重架桥、堆积和强封堵	弹性变形和形变恢复能力较突出，侧重变形通过、再运移和逐级封堵