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China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (1): 28-40.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2026.01.004
• Basic research • Previous Articles Next Articles
Haiyong Tang1,2,Yueqing Huo1,2,Enze Li3,Shengti Cao1,2,Chunxin Gao1,2,Chuangxin Ji1,2,Xiaochen Liu1,2,*(
)
Received:2025-02-11
Revised:2025-12-23
Online:2026-01-22
Published:2026-02-05
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Haiyong Tang, Yueqing Huo, Enze Li, Shengti Cao, Chunxin Gao, Chuangxin Ji, Xiaochen Liu. Excellent temperature/salt resistant foam by alcohol ether sulfates（AEnS）for gas well deliquification[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2026, 56(1): 28-40.
Fig.1
Molecular structures of anionic surfactants AEnS（n = 2, 5, 7）"
Fig.2
Dynamic foam test apparatus for liquid unloaded by foam"
Fig.3
The initial configuration of the foam models in NaCl solution system with AE2S, AE5S, AE7S, NaCl and H2O molecules"
Fig.4
Dynamic surface tension of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentration:（a） AE2S,（b） AE5S,（c） AE7S"
Fig.5
The calculated diffusion coefficients of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentrations: （a） 0 NaCl: t → 0, （b） 100 g/L NaCl: t → 0, （c） 200 NaCl: t → 0, （d） 0 NaCl: t →∞, （e） 100 g/L NaCl: t →∞, （f） 200 g/L NaCl: t →∞"
Tab.1
Diffusion coefficient of AEnS"
| AEnS | ρ （NaCl）/（g/L） | kt → 0 /（mN/（m·s1/2）） | Dt → 0 | kt → ∞ /（mN/（m·s-1/2）） | Dt → ∞ | Dt → ∞ /Dt → 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AE2S | 0 | -28.04 | 2.42×10-12 | 3.62 | 2.88×10-14 | 1.19×10-2 |
| 100 | -17.70 | 9.64×10-13 | 24.63 | 6.24×10-16 | 6.47×10-4 | |
| 200 | -26.66 | 2.19×10-12 | 21.36 | 8.30×10-16 | 3.79×10-4 | |
| AE5S | 0 | -21.44 | 1.41×10-12 | 2.78 | 4.88×10-14 | 3.45×10-2 |
| 100 | -59.57 | 1.09×10-11 | 3.86 | 2.54×10-14 | 2.3×10-3 | |
| 200 | -28.08 | 2.43×10-12 | 18.85 | 1.07×10-15 | 4.40×10-4 | |
| AE7S | 0 | -19.40 | 1.16×10-12 | 2.47 | 6.19×10-14 | 5.35×10-2 |
| 100 | -49.53 | 7.55×10-12 | 3.40 | 3.28×10-14 | 4.34×10-3 | |
| 200 | -47.26 | 6.87×10-12 | 12.83 | 2.30×10-15 | 3.35×10-4 |
Tab.2
Interfacial tension of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentrations"
| ρ （NaCl）/ （g/L） | σ （AE2S）/ （mN/m） | σ （AE5S）/ （mN/m） | σ （AE7S）/ （mN/m） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2.40 | 3.40 | 3.70 |
| 100 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.75 |
| 200 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
Fig.6
Liquid film photos of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentrations：Ⅰ- （a） AE2S in the absence of NaCl，Ⅰ- （b） AE5S in the absence of NaCl，Ⅰ- （c） AE7S in the absence of NaCl，Ⅱ- （a） AE2S at 100 g/L NaCl，Ⅱ- （b） AE5S at 100 g/L NaCl，Ⅱ- （c） AE7S at 100 g/L，Ⅲ- （a） AE2S at 200 g/L NaCl，Ⅲ- （b） AE5S at 200 g/L NaCl，Ⅲ- （c） AE7S at 200 g/L NaCl"
Tab.3
Changes of AEnS bubble thickness under different NaCl mass concentrations"
| ρ （NaCl）/（g/L） | Pixel（AE2S） | Pixel（AE5S） | Pixel（AE7S） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 8→7→5 | 12→8→6 | 12→ 8→7 |
| 100 | 18→9→8 | 15→9→7 | 14→ 9→6 |
| 200 | 11→9→8 | 10→9→6 | 12→10→8 |
Fig.7
Viscosity of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentration:（a） 0 g/L NaCl,（b） 100 g/L NaCl,（c） 200 g/L NaCl"
Fig.8
TEM of AE2S and AE7S at different NaCl mass concentration:（a）AE2S in the absence of NaCl,（b）AE2S at 100 g/L NaCl,（c）AE2S at 200 g/L NaCl,（d）AE7S at 200 g/L NaCl"
Fig.9
Half-life time and unloading efficiency of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentrations: （a）0 g/L NaCl,（b）100 g/L NaCl, （c）200 g/L NaCl"
Tab.4
Unloading efficiency of AEnS at different NaCl mass concentration under condensate conditions"
| ρ （NaCl）/（g/L） | Unloading efficiency/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| AE2S | AE5S | AE7S | |
| 100 | 87 | 88 | 90 |
| 200 | 84 | 82 | 76 |
Fig.10
The equilibrium configurations of foam models in NaCl solution system with AE2S, AE5S, AE7S, NaCl and H2O molecules"
Fig.11
RDF curves between water and AEnS hydrophilic head group in water phases with zero （a）, 30 （b） and 60 （c） NaCl molecules. RDF curves between AEnS hydrophilic head group and Na+ ions in water phases with zero （d）, 30 （e） and 60 （f） NaCl molecules. MSD curves of the AEnS in water phases with zero （g）, 30 （h） and 60 （i） NaCl molecules"
Tab.5
The position of the first and second characteristic peaks and the number of binding water in the first hydration layer from RDF curves between water and AEnS hydrophilic head group in water phases with different NaCl molecules （N（NaCl））"
| N（NaCl） | AEnS | Position of the first characteristic peak/? | Number of binding water in the first hydration layer | Position of the second characteristic peak/? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | AE2S | 2.435 | 0.839 5 | 3.975 |
| AE5S | 2.375 | 0.856 2 | 4.125 | |
| AE7S | 2.425 | 0.847 8 | 4.025 | |
| 30 | AE2S | 2.425 | 0.838 2 | 3.975 |
| AE5S | 2.375 | 0.821 1 | 4.125 | |
| AE7S | 2.375 | 0.776 3 | 4.125 | |
| 60 | AE2S | 2.425 | 0.819 4 | 4.025 |
| AE5S | 2.425 | 0.802 9 | 4.225 | |
| AE7S | 2.375 | 0.802 4 | 4.075 |
Tab.6
The position of the first characteristic peaks RDF curves between Na+ and AEnS hydrophilic head group in water phases with different NaCl molecules"
| N（NaCl） | Position/? | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| AE2S | AE5S | AE7S | |
| 0 | 2.075 | 2.025 | 2.925 |
| 30 | 2.025 | 1.925 | 2.075 |
| 60 | 1.975 | 1.975 | 1.975 |
Tab.7
The diffusion coefficients of AE2S, AE5S and AE7S molecules in NaCl solution systems with different numbers of NaCl"
| N（NaCl） | Diffusion coefficients/（cm2/s） | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| AE2S | AE5S | AE7S | |
| 0 | 7.107×10-6 | 9.602×10-6 | 9.829×10-6 |
| 30 | 1.001×10-5 | 1.033×10-5 | 8.439×10-6 |
| 60 | 1.827×10-5 | 1.121×10-5 | 9.008×10-6 |
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