Abstract:

Among various inorganic materials, silica nanoparticles have gained considerable attention due to their remarkable characteristics, including large specific surface area, strong surface adsorption capacity, non-toxic nature, and excellent physicochemical stability. These unique properties render them particularly advantageous for diverse applications spanning adsorption processes, ceramic engineering, catalytic systems, pharmaceutical development, and daily chemical industries, which has driven extensive research efforts in recent decades. The Stöber method, recognized as a benchmark sol-gel technique, has been widely adopted for synthesizing highly uniform, monodisperse silica nanoparticles with precisely controllable particle sizes and tailorable surface properties. Given that the physicochemical characteristics of silica nanoparticles exhibit strong size-dependent behavior, and considering the varying size requirements across different application fields, numerous modified Stöber-based strategies have been developed to engineer silica nanoparticles with optimized dimensions, narrower size distributions, and sophisticated morphological architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced Stöber synthesis methodologies. Special emphasis is placed on emerging applications of these engineered nanoparticles in biomedical technologies and innovative daily chemical formulations. Through systematic analysis, this work aims to establish theoretical frameworks and practical guidelines for designing silica nanoparticle-based functional materials that address evolving industrial challenges.

Key words: monodisperse silica, small particle size, modified Stöber method, daily chemical, biopharmaceutics