Fig. 1

Three-phase contact angle （θw） of colloidal particles at oil-water interface. θw is more than 90° （a）; θw is less than 90° （b）"

Fig. 2

Stabilization mechanism of Pickering emulsion: physical barrier around droplets （a）; three-dimensional network structure formed by particle-particle interaction （b）; three-dimensional network structure formed by bridging different droplets （c）"

Fig. 3

Photographs and confocal laser scanning microscopy images of Pickering emulsions containing four commercial oils stabilized by two fumed silica particles with different hydrophobicity （KF-955 is cyclopentasiloxane; KF-96A-6A-6cs is dimethicone; IPM is isopropyl myristate; Miglyol 812N is caprylic/capric triglycerides; AEROSIL? R816 and AEROSIL? R974 are commercial fumed silica particles） （adapted from ref. [17]）"

Fig. 4

Retention rate of resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 in Pickering emulsions stabilized by different complexed nanoparticles under been heated at 90 ℃ for 60 min （a） and retention rate of coenzyme Q10 in these Pickering emulsions under UV radiation （b）. Res represents resveratrol. CoQ10 represents coenzyme Q10. Z-P-PEs represents Pickering emulsion stabilized by complexed nanoparticles composed of zein and propylene glycol alginate. Z-P-R-PEs represents Pickering emulsion stabilized by complexed nanoparticles composed of zein, propylene glycol alginate and rhamnolipid. Z-P-R-res-PEs represents Pickering emulsion stabilized by resveratrol loaded complexed nanoparticles composed of zein, propylene glycol alginate and rhamnolipid （adapted from Ref.[40]）"

Fig. 5

The protective effect of Pickering emulsions to bioactive substances: the release of trans-resveratrol in Pickering emulsion and water under different temperatures （reprinted from Ref.[41]） （a）; retention rate of β-carotene in Pickering emulsions and bulk oil at 25 ℃ for 27 days （reprinted from Ref.[45]） （b）"