Fig. 1

Schematic of conventional W/O emulsion （a） and W/O Pickering emulsion （b）"

Fig. 2

Schematic of the position of a solid particle at the oil-water interface"

Fig. 3

Schematic of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized by different concentrations of particles"

Fig. 4

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy images of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized with Zein particles and schematic of protein structure and emulsion type below and above the isoelectric point [29] （a）; Schematic illustration of synthesis of hybrid proteinaceous microspheres and preparation of W/O Pickering emulsion [33] （b）"

Fig. 5

Cryo-SEM images of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized with quercetin crystals [36]（a）; Confocal microscope images of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized by 0.14% （w/%） （b） curcumin （b） or 0.14% （w/%） quercetin crystals （c） with aqueous phase containing 2% （w/%） WPI [37]"

Fig. 6

Schematic illustration of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized by diosgenin [38] （a） or ursolic acid [39] （b） particles; Schematic illustration of preparation of phytosterol particles [40] （c） or their complex particles [41] （d） and preparation of W/O Pickering emulsions"

Fig. 7

Schematic of W/O Pickering emulsion with different internal phase volume fractions: （a）<74%, （b）=74%, （c）>74% （HIPPEs）; （d） SEM image and appearance of the foams prepared via HIPPEs for adsorption [23]"

Fig. 8

Schematic of two kinds of W/O Pickering interfacial biocatalysis （a）; Processes for transesterification in Pickering interfacial catalytic systems [60]（b）; Schematic of W/O Pickering emulsions stabilized by enzyme-loaded calcium alginate particles with different hydrophobicity for interfacial biocatalysis [61]（c）; Scheme illustration of Pickering interfacial catalysis constructed by CALB-loaded hydrophobic proteinaceous microspheres [62]（d）"

Fig. 9

Schematic of Pickering droplets for microbial cultivation and the collection and separation of products （a）; Schematic, optical microscopic and magnetic responsive recovery of Pickering emulsions for preservation of Chlorella cells [72]（b）"