国际视野下社会组织参与化妆品治理的模式比较研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2806.2024.05.014

Abstract

Abstract:

The study aims to comprehensively understand the models of social organizations in developed economies of the international cosmetics industry participating in cosmetics governance, to form experiences and methods that can be used for reference, and to provide suggestions for China social organizations to fully play their role. Based on the theory of embedded autonomy, compared and analyzed the “autonomy-embedded” of social organizations participating in cosmetics governance in the America, European Union, Japan and China from the governance concept, governance structure and governance method, we construct an analysis framework for the mode of social organizations participating in cosmetics governance. Then four models are derived: strong autonomy-strong embedded collaborative governance represented by America, strong autonomy-weak embedded association autonomy represented by the European Union, joint governance with central autonomy and embedded represented by Japan, and weak autonomy-strong embedded administrative leadership represented by China. At the same time, combined with China actual situation, it puts forward suggestions on innovating the participation of China social organizations in cosmetics governance, such as attaching importance to leading the sustainable development of the cosmetics industry in governance concepts, firmly guiding the development of social organizations through the government in governance structure, and paying attention to the role of social organizations in governance methods.

Key words: international vision, cosmetic, social organizations, governance model, comparative analysis

CLC Number:

TQ658

Haoting Huang, Zhengdong Chen, Ziting Chen, Yuman Yang, Zhijie Xie, Zuoren Liu. Comparative study on the models of social organizations participating in cosmetics governance from an international perspective[J].China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics, 2024, 54(5): 596-604.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Comparison of the governance methods of social organizations in America, Europe, Japan and China"

	美国	欧盟	日本	中国
研制环节	建立国际化妆品原料标准中文名称目录（INCI）；在美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）、美国消费者联合会（CFA）支持下成立化妆品成分审核（CIR）委员会；开展动物替代试验研究	开展安全评估员高级培训课程、继续教育；开展动物替代试验研究；制定指南，如《化妆品宣称证明指南》《天然化妆品指南》	设立大麻素审查委员会；开设技术培训班；与政府、学术团体合作开展动物替代实验研究；制定指南，如《化妆品安全评估相关指南》	制定团体标准，如《化妆品微生物检验方法（定性）ATP生物荧光增幅法》等；举办培训班，如与国家药监局高级研修院联合举办“化妆品安全评估专题研修班”
生产环节	自愿化妆品注册计划（VCRP）；制定行业指南；提供GMP证书	提供GMP证书；沟通政府，如参与欧盟委员会工作组；原料共享审计服务	制定自愿标准，如将ISO：22716作为日本化妆品GMP自愿标准	提供产品注册备案指导；承担政府部分职能，如承接政府化妆品备案审核工作
经营环节	自由销售证书（CFS）；建立供应商名录（Suppliers Directory）；维护公平竞争市场秩序，如制定《消费者承诺守则》	自由销售证书（CVF）；针对中国的特定证书；制定指南，如《零售行业化妆品灌装的基本要素》；维护公平竞争市场秩序，如制定《负责任广告和营销传播章程和指导原则》	厚生劳动省授权提供出口证书签发服务；维护公平竞争市场秩序，如制定《化妆品等适当广告指南》；厚生劳动省授权制定自愿标准、指南等，如《化妆品成分名称清单》《医药部外品成分显示的名称清单》等	自由销售证明
上市后管理环节	开展可持续发展行动；建立数据库，如信息数据库（CosmeticsInfo.org）、国际监管数据库（IRDB）、在线信息库（InfoBase）、wINCI、SCC媒体图书馆和资源中心；举办行业研讨会	开展可持续发展行动；风险监测，对涉及并可能影响化妆品行业的主题进行长期监测，如监管特定成分甲基丁香酚、茶树油等；制定指南，如《不良事件报告管理指南》；与SCCS等组织合作，开发评估风险的新工具和方法；举办行业研讨会；统计并提供化妆品产业相关数据；科普宣传教育，如“Colour Well, Colour Wise”信息网站；CE、IKW、FEBEA合作开发Cosmile欧洲数据库，14种语言版本，汇集近 30 000种化妆品成分信息	开展可持续发展行动；监测、调查和纠正行动系统，对不良反应、销售价格、夸大宣传等进行调查，并敦促有关公司采取纠正措施，并为厚生劳动省等提供相关信息；关注纳米材料，开展相关研究；技能教育，如开设日本化妆品学院（化妆品行业实践知识和技能教育学院）；举办行业研讨会；统计并提供化妆品产业相关数据；化妆品科普，如设立PL咨询室	参与药监部门组织的行业交流会；举办学术研讨会；承接政府购买服务，如开展课题研究、开展法规宣贯活动等；举办科普宣传教育活动

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

References 25

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国家	法律依据	法律形式	活动限制
美国	《美国国内税收法典》^[4]；州公司法，如加利福尼亚州《非营利组织法》^[5]	公益组织	公益或慈善活动
		互益性组织	除公益、慈善、宗教外的合法目的活动
		宗教	宗教目的活动
欧盟（以德国为例）	《德国结社法》^[6]；《德国民法典》^[7]	注册协会	慈善或宗教目的可享受税收优惠
		经济协会	经济商业活动，通过州裁决获得法律行为能力
		非社团法人	慈善或宗教目的可享受税收优惠
		旧法协会	在民法典生效之前就已存在，没有被列入地方法院的协会登记册
日本	《一般社团法人及一般财团法人法》^[8]；《公益社团法人及公益财团法人认定法》^[9]；《特定非营利活动促进法》^[10]	①广义公益法人，如一般社团/财团法人、公益社团/财团法人、特定非营利活动法人、医疗法人、学校法人、宗教法人等：
		一般社团/财团法人	合法目的
		公益社团/财团法人	关于学术、技艺、慈善等事业不特定且对多数人的利益的增进做出贡献的公益目的事业
		特定非营利法人	促进保健、医疗福祉的活动、推进社会教育的活动、促进学术、文化、艺术或体育的活动、促进科学技术的活动等20类
		②共同利益法人	工会、农会、消费协会等，非营利性
		③任意团体	不具备法人资格、非营利性
中国	《民法典》；《社会团体登记管理条例》^[11]；《基金会管理条例》^[12]；《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》^[13]	社会团体	非营利性
		基金会	公益事业、非营利性
		民办非企业单位	非营利性社会服务

嵌入自主性
维度1	自主性
组织结构自主性	国家政治制度结构对社会组织内部治理自主性的空间权限允予，如政府对社会组织在准入、人事、财权以及日常运转等方面的掌控程度
组织行为自主性	社会组织在治理过程中职能权限的空间允予，如行动决策的自主性
维度2	嵌入性
政治关系嵌入性	社会组织中是否隐性融入政府的政治或行政资源，如社会组织的领导人是否曾经或者正在担任政府或政党官员
政治结构嵌入性	社会组织中是否潜在嵌入了政府强制力的权威，如政府部门与社会组织的联合行动

		美国	欧盟	日本	中国
组织结构自主性	准入	申请登记（如想享受税收优惠：登记注册）	申请登记	一般社团法人：申请登记；公益社团法人/特定非营利活动法人：认证+登记	登记审批
	管理机构	美国国税局；所在州司法部	辖区初级法院	主管机关；登记机关	业务主管单位；登记管理机关
	监督管理	非营利性审查及财务活动监督	非营利性审查及财务活动监督	法务局负责登记，主管机关负责认证及业务监管	登记管理机关负责准入和外部监督，业务主管部门对其内部业务进行管理
政治关系嵌入性		领导人曾在政府部门任职	领导人曾在政府部门任职	领导人大多为资深的行业从业者	领导人曾在政府部门任职过，部分社会组织挂靠在行政部门下
政治结构嵌入性		社会组织自发成立，与政府部门联合行动	社会组织自发成立，与政府部门联合行动，对政府部门有较大的影响力	社会组织之间联合协作，政府授权承担部分政府职能	社会组织在政府部门的引导下成立，或由政府部门的职能转化而成

	美国	欧盟	日本	中国
模式类型	协同共治型	协会自治型	联合治理型	行政主导型
维度1：自主性	+++	++++	++	+
组织结构自主性	+++	++++	++	+
组织行为自主性	++++	++++	++	+
维度2：嵌入性	+++	++	++	++++
政治关系嵌入性	+++	+++	+	++++
政治结构嵌入性	++	+	+++	++++

Comparative study on the models of social organizations participating in cosmetics governance from an international perspective

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国家	化妆品社会组织的治理理念
美国	致力于质量、安全、创新，推动行业发展，提高行业影响力，保持公众对行业的信心，维护科研工作者利益
欧盟	注重严格的产品质量和安全标准，保证消费者的安全，推动化妆品行业创新和可持续发展，塑造健康的经营环境
日本	推动行业发展，推动市场健康发展，提高消费者对行业的信赖度，提高行业的全球竞争力
中国	遵守法律、代表行业、沟通政府、维权自律、服务企业、促进发展

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